LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


PRESENTED  BY 

Mr.    E.    P.    Bradbury 


XX 


X-gto6^      UCSb  UBRf^fjY 


JFIVE    HUNDRED    AND    SEVEN 

MEisflANiCAL  Movements, 


EMBRACING 


\  V'^ 

\  ALL   THO^   WIK^H    ARE    MOST    IMPORTANT    IN 

-DYI^AMICS,  HYDRAULICS,  HYDROSTATICS,  PNEUMATICS,  STEAM 
ENGINES,  MILL  AND  OTHER  GEARING,  PRESSES,  HOROLOGY, 
X        AND  MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY; 


SEVERAL   WHlMvHAVE   ONLY    RECENTLY    COME    INTO    USE. 


Y   T.    BROWN. 


EDITICV. 


PUBLISHED    BY    BROWN    &    SEWARD, 

261   BROx\D\VAY. 

1908  V 


Copyright  1868, 

by   HENRY     T.     BROWN, 

Renewed  1896. 


PREFACE. 


The  want  of  a  comprehensive  collection  of  illustrations  and  descriptions  of  Me- 
chanical Movements  has  long  been  seriously  felt  by  artisans,  inventors,  and  stu- 
dents of  the  mechanic  arts.  It  was  the  knowledge  of  this  want  which  induced  the 
compilation  of  the  collection  here  presented.  The  movements  which  it  contains 
have  been  already  illustrated  and  described  in  occasional  installments  scattered 
through  five  volumes  of  the  American  Artisan,  by  the  readers  of  which  their 
publication  was  received  with  so  much  favor  as  was  believed  to  warrant  the  ex- 
pense of  their  reproduction  with  some  revision  in  a  separate  volume. 

The  selection  of  the  movements  embraced  in  this  collection  has  been  made 
from  many  and  various  sources.  The  English  works  of  Johnson,  Willcock,  Wylson, 
and  Denison  have  been  drawn  upon  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  many  other 
works — American  and  foreign — have  been  laid  under  contribution ;  but  more  than 
one-fourth  of  the  movements — many  of  purely  American  origin — have  never  pre- 
viously appeared  in  any  published  collection.  Although  the  collection  embraces 
about  three  times  as  many  movements  as  have  ever  been  contained  in  any  previous 
American  publication,  and  a  considerably  larger  number  than  has  ever  been  contained 
in  any  foreign  one,  it  has  not  been  the  object  of  the  compiler  to  merely  swell  the  num- 
ber, but  he  has  endeavored  to  select  only  such  as  may  be  of  really  practical  value  ; 
and  with  this  end  in  view,  he  has  rejected  many  which  are  found  in  nearly  all  the 
previously  published  collections,  but  which  he  has  considered  only  applicable  to 
some  exceptional  want. 

Owing  to  the  selection  of  these  movements  at  such  intervals  as  could  be 
snatched  from  professional  duties,  which  admitted  of  no  postponement,  and  to  the 
engravings  having  been  made  from  time  to  time  for  immediate  publication,  the 
classification  of  the  movements  is  not  as  perfect  as  the  compiler  could  have  desired; 
yet  it  is  believed  that  this  deficiency  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  the  copi- 
ousness of  the  Index  and  the  entirely  novel  arrangement  of  the  illustrations  and 
the  descriptive  letter-press  on  opposite  pages,  which  make  the  collection — large 
and  comprehensive  as  it  is — more  convenient  for  reference  than  any  previous  one. 


. 

iv                                      Mechanical  Movements. 

i 

1                                                                                                                                                                                                    ■ 

INDEX 

g^  In  this  INDEX  the  numerals  do  net  indicate  the  pages,  but  they  refer  to  the 

engravings  and  the  nmnbered  paragraphs.     Each  page  of  the  letter-press  contains  all 

the  descriptive  matter  appertaining  to  the  illustrations  which  face  it. 

• 

A 

Crank,  substitutes  for  the,  39,  116,  123,  156,  157,  167,  394. 

iEolipile,  474. 

variable,  94.                                                                            j 
Cranks,  92,  93,  98,  100,  131,  145,  14O,  156,  158,  166,  175,  176, 

B. 

220,  230,  231,  26S,  279,  354,  401. 

Balance,  compensation,  319. 

Barometer,  501.                                                          , 

Blower,  fan,  497. 

bell,  126,  154,  156,  157. 
compound,  168,  169. 
Cyclograph,  403,  404. 

Brake,  friction,  242. 

D. 

C. 
Cams,  95,  96,  97,  117,  130,  13S,  149,  150,  165,  217,  272,  276. 

Differential  movements,  57,  58,  59,  60,  61,  62,  260,  264. 
Drag-link,  231. 
Drill,  359. 

Capstans,  412,  491. 
Centrolinead,  40S. 
Clutches,  47,  4S,  52,  53,  361. 
Chasers,  375. 
Clamps,  bench,  174,  180,  381. 

fiddle,  124. 

Persian,  112. 
Drills,  cramp,  379,  380. 
Drop,  85. 
Drum  and  rope,  J34. 

screw,  190. 
Cock,  four-way,  395. 
Column,  oscillating,  445,  446. 

Driver,  pile,  251. 
Dynamometers,  2<<4,  372. 

E 

i         Compasses,  proportion,  40). 

Counters  of  revolutions,  63,  64,  65,  6^  67,  68,  6g,  70,  71. 

Eccentrics,  89,  90,  91,  135,' 137. 

Coupling,  union,  248.-.     

Ejectors,  bilge,  475,  476. 

Mechanical  Movements. 

V 

1 

Ellipsfigrapli,  152. 

Gearing,  variable,  38. 

Engine,  disk,  347. 

worm,  29,  31,  64,  66,  67,  143,  151,  202. 

Engines,  rotary,  425,  426,  427,  428,  429. 

Governors,  14/,  161,  162,  163,  170,  274,  287,  357. 

~ 

steam,  175,  326,  327,  328,  329,  330,  331,  332,  334, 

Guides,  326,  327,  330,  331. 

335.  336,  337>  338,  339.  34°.  34'.  342.  343.  344. 

Gyroscope,  355. 

345.  346.  42".  422.  423.  424- 

-     H. 

valve  gear  for,  89,  90,  91,  117,  135,  137,  150,  171, 

Hammer,  atmospheric,  471. 

17Q,  181,   182,   183,   184,   1S5,   186,  187,  188,  189, 

bell,  420. 

286,  418. 

compressed  air,  472. 

Epicyclic  trains,  502,  503,  504,  505,  506,  507. 

steam,  47. 

Escapements,  234,  238,  288,  289,  290,  291,  292,  293,  294,  295, 

Hammers,  trip,  72,  353. 

296,  297,  298,  299,  300,  301,  302,  303,  304,  305, 

Helicograph,  384. 

306,  307,  308,  309,  310,  311,  312,  313,  314,  396, 

Hook,  beat-detaching,  492. 

402. 

releasing,  251. 

F. 

Hooks,  centrifugal  check,  253. 

Hyperbolas,  instrument  for  drawing,  405. 

Fountain,  Hiero's,  464. 

Fusees,  46,  358^ 

I. 

( 

G. 

Gasometers,  479,  480. 

Intermittent  movements,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71 

73. 

Gauge,  bisecting,  410. 

74.  75.  76.  88,  211,  235,  241,  364,  398. 

1 

Gauges,  pressure,  498,  499,  500. 

Gear,  steering,  490. 

J- 

Gearing,  bevel,  7,  43,  49,  53,  74,  200,  226,  495. 

Jack,  hydrostatic,  467. 

brush,  28. 

lifting,  389. 

capstan,  412. 

Joint,  ball  and  socket,  249. 

conical,  37. 

bayonet,  245. 

i                         crown,  26,  219. 

universal,  51. 

'                        eccentric,  219,  222. 

L. 

•                        elliptical,  33,  35,  221. 

Ladder,  folding,  386. 

1                        face,  54. 

self-adjusting,  387. 

1                         friction,  28,  32,  45,  413. 

Lazy-tongs,  144. 

;                         intermittent,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,  73,  74, 

Level,  se"f-recording,  411. 

i 

'                             75.  76,  77.  78.  79.  8°.  8'.  82,  83,  84. 

Lever,  bell-crank  or  elbow,  126,  155,  156,  157. 

1 

'                         internal,  34,  ss,  57- 

knee,  164. 

I                         irregular,  201. 

Lewis,  493. 

'                         multiple,  27. 

Link,  detachable  chain,  399. 

■                       mutilated,  74,  114. 

M. 

scroll,  191,  414. 

1                        sector,  38. 

Machine,  Bohnenberger's,  356. 

1                        spur,  24. 

drilling,  366. 

t                        step,  44. 

i                    polishing,  370,  393. 

1 
! 

stud,  197.        . 

punching,  140. 

1                         sun  and  planet,  39. 

warp-dressing,  383. 

i 

1 

1 

vi                                     Mechanical  Movements. 

Main,  flexible  water,  468. 

Pulleys,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  58,  59,  60,  61,  62,  243,  255, 

Maintaining  power,  320,  321. 

256.  257.  258,  259,  267. 

Meter,  gas  (wet)  481  ;  (dry)  483. 

anti-friction  bearing  for,  270. 

water,  440. 

chain,  227,  228,  229. 

MUl,  Barker's,  438- 

Pump,  air,  473. 

crushing,  375. 

balance,  465. 

tread,  377. 

bellows,  453. 

wind,  48s,  486. 

chain,  462. 

Miscellaneous  movements,  loi,  120,  153,  172,  173,  196,  203, 

diaphragm,  454. 

209,  210,   217,  218,  232,  235,  247,  252,  261,  262, 

steam-siphon,  476. 

263,   26s,   273,  281,  282,  348,  360,  368,  385,  390, 

Pumps,  double-acting,  452,  453. 

391,  415,  417,  447,  469,  484. 

force,  450,  451,  452. 

Motion,  alternating  traverse,  143. 

lift,  448,  449.      , 

j                         rocking,  419. 

rotary,  455,  456. 

j                        self-reversing,  87.                                               • 

Punching  machine,  140. 

j                        shuttle,  397. 

R 

Motions,  feed,  99,  121,  153,  284,  388,  400. 
link,  171,  185. 
parallel,  328,  329,  332,  333,  334,  335,  336,  337,  338, 

Rack,  mangle,  197,  198,  199. 

mutilated,  269. 

339.  340.  341-  343- 

Racks  and  pinions,  81,  113,  114,  115,  ii8,  119,  127,  139, 

pump,  86,  127,  2S3. 

197,  198,  199.  269.  283. 

traverse,  350,  362. 

Rain,  Montgolfier's  water,  444. 

variable  traverse,  122,  125,  142,  17S. 

Ratchets  and  pawls,  49,  75,  76,  78,  79,  80,  82,  206,  225,  236, 

271. 
Regulator,  gas,  482. 

watch,  318. 

P 

Reversing  motion,  self,  87. 

Pantograph,  246. 

Revolver,  277. 

Parabolas,  instrument  for  drawing,  406. 

Rollers,  oblique,  204,  365. 

Paradox,  mechani'cal,  504. 

Rolls,  anti-friction,  250. 

Pendulum,  conical,  315. 

drawing,  496 

Pendulums,  315,  316,  317,  369. 

feed,  195,  207,  388. 

compensation,  316,  317. 

Rulers,  parallel,  322,  323,  324,  325,  349,  367. 

Pinion,  81,  113. 

lantern,  199. 

S 

mutilated,  114. 

slotted,  208. 

Saw,  endless  band,  141. 

two-toothed,  205. 

gig.  392- 

Power,  horse,  376. 

pendulum,  378. 

Presses,  105,  132,  133,  164. 

Screw,  Archimedes',  443. 

hydrostatic,  466. 

differential,  266. 

Propeller,  screw,  488. 

double  reversed,  io8. 

Pulley,  expanding,  224. 

micrometer,  iii. 

friction,  267. 

Screws,  102,  103,  104,  105,  109,  112,  202,  285. 

Pulleys,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  is,  16,  17, 

endless,  31,  64,  66,  67,  143,  195,  207,  275.    • 

1 

Mechanical  Movements. 


Vll 


Screws,  right-and-left  hand,  no,  151. 

Sectors,  toothed,  130,  133,  223,  282. 

See-saw,  363. 

Shears,  130. 

Stamps,  8s,  351. 

Stand,  mirror,  382. 

Stop  for  hoisting  apparatus,  278. 

for  lantern  wheels,  233. 

for  ratchet  wheels,  240. 

for  spur  gear,  239. 
Siops  for  winding  watches,  212,  213,  214,  215. 


Test,  friction,  373. 

Throstle,  spinning,  496. 

Toggle-joint,  140. 

Tongs,  lifting,  494. 

Trap,  steam,  477,  478. 

Treadles,  82,  158,  159, 160,  374,  401,  416. 


W 

Water,  machines  for  raising,  439,  441,  442,  443,  444,  457, 

458.  459.  460,  461. 
Weir,  self-acting,  463. 
Wheel,  cam,  136. 

lantern,  233. 
Persian,  441. 
pin,  208. 
rag,  237. 
sprocket,  254. 
steering,  490. 
waved,  165. 
Wheels,  crown,  26,  219,  237. 

mangle,  36,  192,  193,  194,  371. 
paddle,  487,  489. 

water,  430,  431,  432,  433,  434,  435,  436,  437,  438. 
Windlass,  Chinese,  129,  352. 

friction,  280. 
Wind-mills,  485,  486. 
Wipers,  85,  128. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


2 


»H 


AjSTciWM- 


8„  9 


10 


Mechanical  Movements. 


1.  Illustrates  the  transmission  of  power  by 
simple  pulleys  and  an  open  belt.  In  this 
case  both  of  the  pulleys  rotate  in  the  same 
direction. 

2.  Differs  from  i  in  the  substitution  of  a 
crossed  belt  for  the  open  one.  In  this  case 
the  direction  of  rotation  of  the  pulleys  is  re- 
versed. 

By  arranging  three  pulleys,  side  by  side, 
upon  the  shaft  to  be  driven,  the  middle  one 
fast  and  the  other  two  loose  upon  it,  and 
using  both  an  open  and  a  crossed  belt,  the 
direction  of  the  said  shaft  is  enabled  to  be 
reversed  without  stopping  or  reversing  the 
driver.  One  belt  will  always  run  on  the 
fast  pulley,  and  the  other  on  one  of  the  loose 
pulleys.  The  shaft  will  be  driven  in  one  di- 
rection or  the  other,  according  as  the  open 
or  crossed  belt  is  on  the  fast  pulley. 

3.  A  method  of  transmitting  motion  from 
a  shaft  at  right  angles  to  another,  by  means 
of  guide-pulleys.  There  are  two  of  these 
pulleys,  side  by  side,  one  for  each  leaf  of  the 
belt. 

4.  A  method  of  transmitting  motion  from 
a  shaft  at  right  angles  to  another  whose  axis 
is  in  the  same  plane.  This  is  shown  with  a 
crossed  belt.  An  open  belt  may  be  used, 
but  the  crossed  one  is  preferable,  as  it  gives 
more  surface  of  contact. 

5.  Resembles  i,  with  the  addition  of  a 
movable  tightening  pulley,  B.  When  this 
pulley  is  pressed  against  the  band  to  take 


up  the  slack,  the  belt  transmits  motion  from 
one  of  the  larger  pulleys  to  the  other  ;  but 
when  it  is  not,  the  belt  is  so  slack  as  not  to 
transmit  motion. 

6.  By  giving  a  vibratory  motion  to  the 
lever  secured  to  the  semi-circular  segment, 
the  belt  attached  to  the  said  segment  imparts 
a  reciprocating  rotary  motion  to  the  two  pul- 
leys below. 

7.  A  method  of  engaging,  disengaging, 
and  reversing  the  upright  shaft  at  the  left. 
The  belt  is  shown  on  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  pulleys  on  the  lower  shafts,  a,  I/,  which 
pulley  is  loose,  and  consequently  no  move- 
ment is  communicated  to  the  said  shafts. 
When  the  belt  is  traversed  on  the  left-hand 
pulley,  which  is  fast  on  the  hollow  shaft,  b, 
carrying  the  bevel-gear,  B,  motion  is  com- 
municated in  one  direction  to  the  upright 
shaft ;  and  on  its  being  traversed  on  to  the 
right-hand  pulley,  motion  is  transmitted 
through  the  gear.  A,  fast  on  the  shaft,  a, 
which  runs  inside  of  b,  and  the  direction  of 
the  upright  shaft  is  reversed. 

8.  Speed-pulleys  used  for  lathes  and  other 
mechanical  tools,  for  varying  the  speed  ac- 
cording to'  the  work  operated  upon. 

9.  Cone-pulleys  for  the  same  j^urpose  as 
8.  This  motion  is  used  in  cotton  machin- 
ery, and  in  all  machines  which  are  required 
to  run  with  a  gradually  increased  or  dimin- 
ished speed. 

10.  Is  a  modification  of  9,  the  pulleys  be- 
ing of  different  shape. 


lO 


Mechanical  Movements. 


n 


iS 


19 


n  1^ 


Mechanical  Movements. 


II 


1 1.  Another  method  of  effecting  the  same 
result  as  3,  without  guide-pulleys. 

12.  Simple  pulley  used  for  lifting  weights. 
In  this  the  power  must  be  equal  to  the  weight 
to  obtain  equilibrium. 

13.  In  this  the  lower  pulley  is  movable. 
One  end  of  the  rope  being  fixed,  the  other 
must  move  twice  as  fast  as  the  weight,  and 
a  corresponding  gain  of  power  is  conse- 
quently effected. 

14.  Blocks  and  tackle.  The  power  ob- 
tained by  this  contrivance  is  calculated  as 
follows :  Divide  the  weight  by  double  the 
number  of  pulleys  in  the  lower  block  ;  the 
quotient  is  the  power  required  to  balance 
the  weight. 

1 5.  Represents  what  are  known  as  White's 
pulleys,  which  can  either  be  made  with  sep- 


arate loose  pulleys,  or  a  series  of  grooves 
can.  be  cut  in  a  solid  block,  the  diameters 
being  made  in  projiortion  to  the  speed  of  the 
rope  ;  that  is,  i,  3,  and  5  for  one  block,  and 
2,  4,  and  6  for  the  other.     Power  as  i  to  7. 

16  and  17.  Are  what  are  known  as  Span- 
ish bartons. 

18.  Is  a  combination  of  two  fixed  pulleys 
and  one  movable  pulley. 

19,  20,  21,  and  22.  Are  different  arrange- 
ments of  pulley*:.  The  following  rule  applies 
to  these  pu'leys  : — In  a  system  of  pulleys 
where  each  pulley  is  embraced  by  a  cord  at- 
tached atone  end  to  a  fixed  point  and  at  the 
other  to  the  center  of  the  movable  pulley,  the 
effect  of  the  whole  will  be  =  the  number  2, 
multiplied  by  itself  as  many  times  as  there 
are  movable  pulleys  in  the  system. 


12 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


13 


23.  A  contrivance  for  transmitting  rotary 
motion  to  a  movable  pulley.  The  pulley 
at  the  bottom  of  the  figure  is  the  movable 
one  ;  if  this  pulley  were  raised  or  depressed, 
the  belt  would  be  slackened  or  tightened 
accordingly.  In  order  to  keep  a  uniform 
tension  on  the  belt,  a  pulley,  A,  carried  in  a 
frame  sliding  between  guides  (not  shown), 
hangs  from  a  rope  passing  over  the  two 
guide-pulleys,  B,  B,  and  is  acted  upon  by 
the  balance  weight,  C,  in  such  manner  as  to 
produce  the  desired  result. 

24.  Spur-gears. 

25.  Bevel-gears.  Those  of  equal  diame- 
ters are  termed  "  miter-gears." 

26.  The  wheel  to  the  right  is  termed  a 
"  crown-wheel  ;"  that  gearing  with  it  is  a 
spur-gear.    These  wheels  are  not  much  used, 


27.  "  Multiple  gearing  " — a  recent  inven- 
tion. The  smaller  triangular  wheel  drives 
the  larger  one  by  the  movement  of  its  at- 
tached friction-rollers  in  tlie  radial  grooves. 

28.  These  are  sometimes  called  '"brush- 
wheels."  The  relative  speeds  can  be  varied 
by  changing  the  distance  of  the  upper  wheel 
from  the  center  of  the  lower  one.  The  one 
drives  the  other  by  the  friction  or  adhesion, 
and  this  may  be  increased  by  facing  the  lower 
one  with  india-rubber. 

29.  Transmission  of  rotary  motion  from 
one  shaft  at  right  angles  to  another.  The 
spiral  thread  of  the  disk-wheel  drives  the 
spur-gear,  moving  it  the  distance  of  one 
tooth  at  every  revolution. 

30.  Rectangular  gears.  These  produce  a 
rotary  motion  of  the  driven  gear  at  a  varying 


and  are  only  available  for  light  work,  as  the  speed.  They  were  used  on  a  printing-press, 
teeth  of  the  crown-wheel  must  necessarily  be  the  type  of  which  were  placed  on  a  rectangu- 
thm.  1  lar  roller. 


H 


Mechanical  Movements. 


31 


32 


33 


35 


58 


^-^/UVl/T^ 


39 


Mechanical  Movements. 


15 


31.  Worm  or  endless  screw  and  a  worm- 
wlieel.  This  effects  the  same  result  as  29  ; 
and  as  it  is  more  easily  constructed,  it  is 
oftener  used. 

32.  Friction-wheels.  The  surfaces  of 
these  wheels  are  made  rough,  so  as  to  bite 
as  much  as  possible  ;  one  is  sometimes  faced 
with  leather,  or,  better,  with  vulcanized  india- 
rubber. 

33.  Elliptical  spur-gears.  These  are  used 
wiiere  a  rotary  motion  of  varying  speed  is 
required,  and  the  variation  of  speed  is  de- 
termined by  the  relation  between  the  lengths 
of  the  major  and  minor  axes  of  the  ellipses. 

34.  An  internally  toothed  spur-gear  and 
pinion.  With  ordinary  spur-gears  (such  as 
represented  in  24)  the  direction  of  rotation  is 
opposite  ;  but  with  the  internally  toothed 
gear,  the  two  rotate  in  the  sarhe  direction  ; 
and  with  the  same  strength  of  tooth  the  ' 
gears  are  capable  of  transmitting  greater 
force,  because  more  teeth  are  engaged. 

35.  Variable  rotary  motion  produced  by 
uniform  rotary  motion.  The  small  spur- 
pinion  works  in  a  slot  cut  in  the  bar,  which 
turns  loosely  upon  the  shaft  of  the  elliptical 
gear.  The  bearing  of  the  pinion-shaft  has 
applied  to  it  a  spring,  which  keeps  it  en- 
gaged ;  the  slot  in  the  bar  is  to  allow  for  the 
variation  of  length  of  radius  of  the  elliptical 
gear. 

36.  Mangle-wheel  and   pinion — so  called 


from  their  application  to  mangles — converts 
continuous  rotary  motion  of  pinion  into  re- 
ciprocating rotary  motion  of  wheel.  The 
shaft  of  pinion  has  a  vibratory  motion,  and 
works  in  a  straight  slot  cut  in  the  upright 
stationary  bar  to  allow  the  pinion  to  rise  and 
fall  and  work  inside  and  outside  of  the  gear- 
ing of  the  wheel.  The  slot  cut  in  the  face  of 
the  mangle-wheel  and  following  its  outline  is 
to  receive  and  guide  the  pinion-shaft  and 
keep  the  pinion  in  gear. 

37.  Uniform  into  variable  rotary  motion. 
The  bevel-wheel  or  pinion  to  the  left  has 
teeth  cut  through  the  whole  width  of  its  face. 
Its  teeth  work  with  a  spirally  arranged  series 
of  studs  on  a  conical  v/heel. 

38.  A  means  of  converting  rotary  motion, 
by  which  the  speed  is  made  uniform  during 
a  part,  and  varied  during  another  part,  of  the 
revolution. 

39.  Sun-and-planet  motion.  The  spur- 
gear  to  the  right,  called  the  planet-gear,  is 
tied  to  the  center  of  the  other,  or  sun-gear, 
by  an  arm  which  preserves  a  constant  dis- 
tance between  their  centers.  This  was  used 
as  a  substitute  for  the  crank  in  a  steam  en- 
gine by  James  Watt,  after  the  use  of  the 
crank  had  been  patented  by  another  party. 
Each  revolution  of  the  planet-gear,  which  is 
rigidly  attached  to  the  connecting-rod,  gives 
two  to  the  sun-gear,  which  is  keyed  to  the 
fly-wheel  shaft. 


i6 


Mechanical  Movements. 


47 


42  43 


46 


M  4 


48 


44 


£ 


49 


-1 


W^^^^^^^^^^M^S^^ 


-' 


Mechanical  Movements. 


17 


40  and  41.    Rotary  converted  into  rotary  of  the  spring  as  it  uncoils  itself.     The  chain 

motion.     The   teeth  of  these  gears,  being  is  on  the  small  diameter  of  the  fusee  when 

oblique,   give   a   more   continuous   bearing  the  watch  is  wound  up,  as  the  spring  has 

than  ordinary  spur-gears.  then  the  greatest  force. 


42  and  43.  Different  kinds  of  gears  for 
transmitting  rotary  motion  from  one  •shaft 
to  another  arranged  obliquely  thereto. 


44.  A  kind  of  gearing  used  to  transmit 
great  force  and  give  a  continuous  bearing  to 
the  teeth.  Each,  wheel  is  composed  of  two, 
three,  or  more  distinct  spur-gears.  The 
teeth,  instead  of  being  in  line,  are  arranged 
in  steps  to  give  a  continuous  bearing.  This 
system  is  sometimes  used  for  driving  screw 
propellers,  and  sometimes,  with  a  rack  of 
similar  character,  to  drive  the  beds  of  large 
iron-planing  machines. 


45.  Frictional  grooved  gearing — a  com- 
paratively recent  invention.  The  diagram 
to  the  right  is  an  enlarged  section,  which 
can  be  more  easily  understood. 


46.  Fusee  chain  and  spring-box,  being 
the  prime  mover  in  some  watches,  particu- 
larly of  English  make.  The  fusee  to  the 
right  is  to  compensate  for  the  loss  of  force 


47.  A  frictional  clutch-box,  thrown  in  and 
out  of  gear  by  the  lever  at  the  bottom. 
This  is  used  for  connecting  and  discon- 
necting heavy  machinery.  The  eye  of  the 
disk  to  the  right  has  a  slot  which  slides  upon 
a  long  key  or  feather  fixed  on  the  shaft. 


48.  Clutch-box.  The  pinion  at  the  top 
gives  a  continuous  rotary  motion  to  the  gear 
below,  to  which  is  attached  half  the  clutch, 
and  both  turn  loosely  on  the  shaft.  When 
it  is  desired  to  give  motion  to  the  shaft,  the 
other  part  of  the  clutch,  which  slides  upon  a 
key  or  feather  fixed  in  the  shaft,  is  thrust 
into  gear  by  the  lever. 


49.  Alternate  circular  motion  of  the  hori- 
zontal shaft  produces  a  continuous  rotary 
motion  of  the  vertical  shaft,  by  means  of 
the  ratchet-wheels  secured  to  the  bevel- 
gears,  the  ratchet-teeth  of  the  two  wheels 
being  set  opposite  ways,  and  the  pawls  act- 
ing in  opposite  directions.  The  bevel-gears 
and  ratchet-wheels  are  loose  on  the  shaft, 
and.  the  pawls  attached  to  arms  firmly  se- 
cured on  the  shaft. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


50  and  51.  Two  kinds  ot  universal  joints. 

52.  Another  kind  of  clutch-box.  The 
disk-wlieel  to  the  right  has  two  holes,  corre- 
sponding to  the  studs  fixed  in  the  other 
disk  ;  and,  being  pres.sed  against  it,  the 
studs  enter  the  holes,  when  the  two  disks 
rotate  together. 

53.  Tlie  vertical  .shaft  is  made  to  drive  the 
horizontal  one  in  either  direction,  as  may  be 
desired,  Ijy  means  of  tlie  double-clutch  and 
bevel-gears.  The  gears  on  the  horizontal 
shaft  are  loose,  and  are  driven  in  opposite 
directions  by  the  third  gear  ;  the  double- 
clutch  slides  upon  a  key  or  feather  fixed  on 
the  horizontal  shaft,  which  is  made  to  ro- 
tate either  to  the  right  or  left,  according  to 
the  side  on  which  it  is  engaged. 

54.  Mangle  or  star-wheel,  for  producing 
an  alternating  rotary  motion. 

55.  Different  velocity  given  to  two  gears, 
A  and  C,  on  the  same  shaft,  by  the  pinion, 
D. 

56.  Used  for  throwing  in  and  out  of  gear 
the  speed-motion  on  lathes.  On  depressing 
the  lever,  the  shaft  of  the  large  wheel  is 
drawn  backward  by  reason  of  the  slot  in 
which  it  slides  being  cut  eccentrically  to  the 
center  or  fulcrum  of  the  lever, 

57.  The  small  pulley  at  the  top  being  the 
driver,  the  large,  internally-toothed  gear  and 
the  concentric  gear  within  will  be  driven  in 


opposite  directions  by  the  bands,  and  at  the 
same  time  will  impart  motion  to  the  inter- 
mediate pinion  at  the  bottom,  both  around 
its  own  center  and  also  around  the  common 
center  of  the  two  concentric  gears. 

58.  For  transmitting  three  diff'erent  speeds 
by  gearing.  The  lower  part  of  the  band  is 
shown  on  a  loose  pulley.  The  next  pulley 
is  fixed  on  the  main  shaft,  on  the  other  end 
of  which  is  fixed  a  small  spur-gear.  The 
next  pulley  is  fixed  on  a  hollow  shaft  run- 
ning on  the  main  shaft,  and  there  is  se- 
cured to  it  a  second  spur-gear,  larger  than 
the  first.  The  fourth  and  last  pulley  to  the 
left  is  fixed  on  another  hollow  shaft  running 
loosely  on  .the  last-named,  on  the  other  end 
of  which  is  fixed  the  still  larger  spur-gear 
nearest  to  the  pulley.  As  the  band  is  made 
to  traverse  Irom  one  pulley  to  another,  it 
transmits  three  diflferent  velocities  to  the 
shaft  below. 

59.  For  transmitting  two  speeds  by  gear- 
ing. The  band  i.«  shown  on  the  loose  pul- 
ley— tlie  left-hand  one  of  the  lower  three. 
The  middle  pulley  is  fixed  on  the  same  shaft 
as  the  small  pinion,  and  the  pulley  to  the 
right  on  a  hollow  shaft,  on  the  end  of  which 
is  fixed  the  large  spur-gear.  When  the  band 
is  on  the  middle  pulley  a  slow  motion  is 
transmitted  to  the  shaft  below  ;  but  when  it 
is  on  the  right-hand  pulley  a  quick  speed  is 
given,  proportionate  to  the  diameter  of  the 
gears 


20 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


21 


60.  For  transmitting  two  speeds  by  means  of 
belts.  There  are  four  pulleys  on  the  lower  shaft, 
the  two  outer  ones  being  loose  and  the  two  inner 
ones  fast.  The  band  to  the  left  is  shown  on  its 
loose  pulley,  the  one  to  the  right  on  its  fast  one  ; 
a  slow  motion  is  consequently  transmitted  to 
lower  shaft.  When  band  to  the  right  is  moved 
on  to  its  loose  pulley,  and  left-hand  one  on  to  its 
fast  pulley,  a  quicker  motion  is  transmitted. 

61.  For  transmitting  two  speeds,  one  a  differ- 
ential motion.  The  band  is  shown  on  a  loose 
pulley  on  lower  shaft.  The  middle  pulley  is 
fast  on  said  shaft,  and  has  a  small  bevel-gear  se- 
cured to  its  hub.  Pulley  on  the  right,  which, 
like  that  on  the  left,  is  loose  on  shaft,  carries, 
transversely,  another  bevel-gear.  A  third  bevel- 
gear,  loose  upon  the  shaft,  is  held  by  a  friction- 
band  which  is  weighted  at  the  end.  On  moving 
band  on  middle  pulley  a  simple  motion  is  the  re- 
sult, but  when  it  is  moved  to  right-hand  pulley 
a  double  speed  is  given  to  shaft.  The  friction- 
band  or  curb  on  the  third  bevel-gear  is  to  allow 
it  to  slip  a  little  on  a  sudden  change  of  speed. 

62.  For  transmitting  two  speeds,  one  of  which 
is  a  different  and  variable  motion.;  This  is  very 
similar  to  the  last,  except  in  the  third  bevel-gear 
being  attached  to  a  fourth  pulley,  at  the  right  of 
the  other  three,  and  driven  by  a  band  from  a 
small  pulley  on  shaft  above.  When  left-hand 
belt  is  on  the  pulley  carrying  the  middle  bevel- 
gear,  and  pulley  at  the  right  turns  in  the  same 
direction,  the  amount  of  rotation  of  the  third 
bevel-gear  must  be  deducted  from  the  double 
speed  which  the  shaft  would  have  if  this  gear 
was  at  rest.  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  right-hand 
belt  be  crossed  so  as  to  turn  the  pulley  in  an  op- 
posite direction,  that  amount  must  be  added. 

63.  Jumping   or    intermittent   rotary  motion, 
.  used  for  meters  and  revolution-counters.     The 

drop  and  attached  pawl,  carried  by  a  spring  at 
the  left,  are  lifted  by  pins  in  the  disk  at  the  right. 
Pins  escape  first  from  pawl,  which  drops  into 
next  space  of  the  star-wheel.  When  pin  escapes 
from  drop,  spring  throws  down  suddenly  the 
drop,  the  pin  on  which  strikes  the  pawl,  which, 
by  its  action  on  star-wheel,  rapidly  gives  it  a  por- 
tion of  a  revolution.  This  is  repeated  as  each 
pin  passes. 


64.  Another  arrangement  of  jumping  motion. 
Motion  is  communicated  to  worm-gear,  B,  by 
worm  or  endless  screw  at  the  bottom,  which  is 
fixed  upon  the  driving-shaft.  Upon  the  shaft 
carrying  the  worm-gear  works  another  hollow 
shaft,  on  which  is  fixed  cam,  A.  A  short  piece 
of  this  hollow  shaft  is  half  cut  away.  A  pin 
fixed  in  worm-gear  shaft  turns  hollow  shaft  and 
cam,  the  spring  which  presses  on  cam  holding 
hollow  shaft  back  against  the  pin  until  it  arrives 
a  little  further  than  shown  in  the  figure,  when, 
the  direction  of  the  pressure  being  changed  by 
the  peculiar  shape  of  cam,  the  latter  falls  down 
suddenly,  independently  of  worm-wheel,  and  re- 
mains at  rest  till  the  pin  overtakes  it,  when  the 
same  action  is  repeated. 

65.  The  left-hand  disk  or  w+ieel,  C,  is  the  driv- 
ing-wheel, upon  which  is  fixed  the  tappet,  A. 
The  other  disk  or  wheel,  D,  has  a  series  of  equi- 
distant studs  projecting  from  its  face.  Every  ro- 
tation of  the  tappet  acting  upon  one  of  the  studs 
in  the  wheel,  D,  causes  the  latter  wheel  to  move 
the  distance  of  one  stud.  In  order  that  this  may 
not  be  exceeded,  a  lever-like  stop  is  arranged 
on  a  fixed  center.  This  stop  operates  in  a  notch 
cut  in  wheel,  C,  and  at  the  instant  tappet.  A, 
strikes  a  stud,  said  notch  faces  the  lever.  As 
wheel,  D,  rotates,  the  end  between  studs  is  thrust 
out,  and  the  other  extremity  enters  the  notch  ; 
but  immediately  on  the  tappet  leaving  stud,  the 
lever  is  again  forced  up  in  front  of  next  stud,  and 
is  there  held  by  periphery  of  C  pressing  on  its 
other  qnd. 

66.  A  modification  of  64  ;  a  weight,  D,  attached 
to  an  arm  secured  in  the  shaft  of  the  worm-gear, 
being  used  instead  of  spring  and  cam. 

67.  Another  modification  of  64  ;  a  weight  or 
tumbler,  E,  secured  on  the  hollow  shaft,  being 
used  instead  of  spring  and  cam,  and  operating 
in  combination  with  pin,  C,  in  the  shaft  of 
worm-gear. 

68.  The  single  tooth.  A,  of  the  driving-wheel, 
B,  acts  in  the  notches  of  the  wheel,  C,  and  turns 
the  latter  the  distance  of  one  notch  in  every 
revolution  of  C.  No  stop  is  necessary  in  this 
movement,  as  the  driving-wheel,  B,  serves  as  a 
lock  by  fitting  into  the  hollows  cut  in  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  wheel,  C,  between  its  notches. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


23 


69.  B,  a  small  wheel  with  one  tooth,  is 
the  driver,  and  the  circumference  entering 
between  the  teeth  of  the  wheel,  A,  serves  as 
a  lock  or  stop  while  the  tooth  of  the  small 
wheel  is  out  of  operation. 


70.  The  driving-wheel,  C,  has  a  rim,  shown 
in  dotted  outline,  the  exterior  of  which  serves 
as  a  bearing  and  stop  for  the  studs  on  the 
other  wheel,  A,  when  the  tappet,  B,  is  out 
of  contact  with  the  studs.  An  opening  in 
this  rim  serves  to  allow  one  stud  to  pass  in 
and  another  t6  pass  out.  The  tappet  is  op- 
posite the  middle  of  this  opening. 


71.  The  inner  circumference  (shown  by 

dotted  lines)  of  the  rim  of  the  driving-wheel, 
B,  serves  as  a  lock  against  which  two  of  the 
studs  in  the  wheel,  C,  rest  until  the  tappet, 
A,  striking  one  of  the  studs,  the  next  one 
below  passes  out  from  the  guard-rim  through 
the  lovver  notch,  and  another  stud  enters  the 
rim  through  tiie  upper  notch. 

72.  Is  a  tilt-hammer  motion,  the  revolu- 
tion of  the  cam  or  wiper-wheel,  B,  lifting 
the  hammer.  A,  four  times  in  each  revolu- 
tion. 


73.  To  the  driving-wheel,  D,  is  secured  a 
bent  spring,  B  ;   another  spring,  C,  is  at- 


tached to  a  fixed  support.  As  the  wheel, 
D,  revolves,  the  spring,  B,  passes  under  the 
strong  spring,  C,  which  presses  it  into  a 
tooth  of  the  ratchet-wheel,  A,  which  is  thus 
made  to  rotate.  The  catch-spring,  B,  being 
released  on  its  escape  from  the  strong 
spring,  C,  allows  the  wheel.  A,  to  remain 
at  rest  till  D  has  made  another  revolution. 
The  spring,  C,  serves  as  a  stop. 


74.  A  uniform  intermittent  rotary  motion 
in  opposite  directions  is  given  to  the  bevel- 
gears,  A  and  B,  by  means  of  the  mutilated 
bevel-gear,  C. 


75.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  of 
the  rod,  C,  transmits  an  intermittent  circu- 
lar motion  to  the  wheel,  A,  by  means  of  the 
pawl,  B,  at  the  end  of  the  vibrating-bar,  D. 


76.  Is  another  contrivance  for  registering 
or  counting  revolutions.  A  tappet,  B,  sup- 
ported on  the  fixed  pivot,  C,  is  struck  at 
every  revolution  of  the  large  wheel  (partly 
represented)  by  a  stud,  D,  attached  to  tlie 
said  wheel.  Thi"^  causes  the  end  of  the  tap- 
pet next  the  ratchet-wheel,  A,  to  be  lifted, 
and  to  turn  the  wheel  the  distance  of  one 
tooth.  The  tappet  returns  by  its  own  weight 
to  its  original  position  after  the  stud,  D,  has 
passed,  the  end.  being  jointed  to  permit  it 
to  pass  the  teeth  of  the  ratchet-wheel. 


24 


Mechanical  Movements, 


TJ 


79 


82 


83 


"]"].  The  vibration  of  the  lever,  C,  on  the 
center  or  fulcrum,  A,  produces  a  rotary 
movement  of  the  wheel,  B,  Dy  means  of  the 
two  pawls,  which  act  alternately.  This  is 
almost  a  continuous  movement 

78.  A  modification  of  77. 

79.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  of 
the  rod,  B,  produces  a  nearly  continuous 
rotary  movement  of  the  ratchet-faced  wheel, 
A,  by  the  pawls  attached  to  the  extremities 
of  the  vibrating  radial  arms,  C,  C. 

80.  Rectilinear  motion  is  imparted  to  the 
slotted  bar.  A,  by  the  vibration  of  the  lever, 
C,  through  the  agency  of  the  two  hooked 
pawls,  which  drop  alternately  into  the  teeth 
of  the  slotted  rack-bar,  A. 

81.  Alternate  rectilinear  motion  is  given 
to  the  rack-rod,  B,  by  the  continuous  revo- 
lution of  the  mutilated  spur-gear.  A,  the 
spiral  spring,  C,  forcing  the  rod  back  to  its 
original  position  on  the  teeth  of  the  gear.  A, 
quitting  the  rack. 

82.  On  motion  being  given  to  the  two 
treadles,  D,  a  nearly  continuous  motion  is 
imparted,  through  the  vibrating  arms,  B,  and 
their  attached  pawls,  to  the  ratchet-wheel,  A. 
A  chain  or  strap  attached  to  each  treadle 
passes  over  the  pulley,  C,  and  as  one  treadle  | 
is  depressed  the  other  is  raised. 


83.  A  nearly  continuous  rotary  motion 
is  pjiven  to  the  wheel,  D,  by  two  ratchet- 
toothed  arcs,  C,  one  operating  on  each  side 
of  the  ratchet-wheel,  D.  These  arcs  (only 
one  of  which  is  shown)  are  fast  on  the  same 
rock-shaft,  B,  and  have  their  teeth  set  op- 
posite ways.  The  rock-shaft  is  worked  by 
giving  a  reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  to 
the  rod,  A.  The  arcs  should  have  springs 
applied  to  them,  so  that  each  may  be  capable 
of  rising  to  allow  its  teeth  to  slide  over  those 
of  the  wheel  in  moving  one  way. 

84.  The  double  rack-frame,  B,  is  sus- 
pended from  the  rod,  A.  Continuous  rotary 
motion  is  given  to  the  cam,  D.  When  the 
shaft  of  the  cam  is  midway  between  the  two 
racks,  the  cam  acts  upon  neither  of  them  ; 
but  by  raising  or  lowering  the  rod,  A,  either 
the  lower  or  upper  rack  is  brought  within 
range  of  the  cam,  and  the  rack-frame  moved 
to  the  left  or  right.  This  movement  has 
been  used  in  connection  with  the  governor 
of  an  engine,  the  rod.  A,  being  connected 
with  the  governor,  and  the  rack-frame  with 
the  throttle  or  regulating  valve. 

85.  Intermittent  alternating  rectilinear  mo- 
tion is  given  to  the  rod.  A,  hy  the  continu- 
ous rotation  of  the  shaft  carrying  tlie  two 
cams  or  wipers,  which  act  upon  the  projec- 
tion, B,  of  the  rod,  and  thereby  lift  it.  The 
rod  drops  by  its  own  weight.  Used  for  ore- 
stampers  or  pulverizers,  and  for  hammers. 


26 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


27 


86.  A  method  of  working  a  reciprocating 
pump  by  rotary  motion.  A  rope,  carrying 
the  pump-rod,  is  attached  to  the  wheel,  A, 
which  runs  loosely  upon  the  shaft.  The 
shaft  carries  a  cam,  C,  and  has  a  continuous 
rotary  motion.  At  every  revolution  the  cam 
seizes  the  hooked  catch,  B,  attached  to  the 
wheel,  and  drags  it  round,  together  with  the 
wheel,  and  raises  the  rope  until,  on  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  catch  striking  the  stationary 
stop  above,  the  catch  is  released,  and  the 
wheel  is  returned  by  the  weight  of  the  pump- 
bucket. 

87.  A  contrivance  for  a  self-reversing  mo- 
tion. The  bevel-gear  between  the  gears,  B 
and  C,  is  the  driver.  The  gears,  B  and  C, 
run  loose  upon  the  shaft,  consequently  mo- 
tion is  only  communicated  wlien  one  or  other 
of  them  is  engaged  with  the  clutch-box,  D, 
which  slides  on  a  feather  on  the  shaft  and  is 
shown  in  gear  with  C.  The  wheel,  E,  at  the 
right,  is  driven  by  bevel-gearing  from  the 
shaft  on  which  the  ^ears,  B,  C,  and  clutch 
are  placed,  and  is  about  to  strike  the  bell- 
crank,  G,  and  produce  such  a  movement 
thereof  as  will  cause  the  connecting-rod  to 
carry  the  weighted  lever,  F,  beyond  a  per- 
pendicular position,  when  the  said  lever  will 
fall  over  suddenly  to  the  left,  and  carry  the 
clutch  into  gear  with  B,  thereby  reversing 
the  motion  of  the  shaft,  until  the  stud  in  the 
wheel,  E,  coming  round  in  the  contrary  di- 
rection, brings  the  weighted  lever  back  past 


the  perpendicular  position,  and  thereby  again 
causes  it  to  reverse  the  motion. 

88.  Continuous  rotary  converted  into  in- 
termittent rotary  motion.  The  disk-wheel, 
B,  carrying  the  stops,  C,  D,  turns  on  a 
center  eccentric  to  the  cam,  A.  On  con- 
tinuous rotary  motion  being  given  to  the 
cam.  A,  ^intermittent  rotary  motion  is  im- 
parted to  the  wheel,  B.  The  stops  free  them- 
selves from  the  offset  of  the  cam  at  every  half- 
revolution,  the  wheel,  B,  remaining  at  rest 
until  the  cam  has  completed  its  revolution, 
when  the  same  motion  is  repeated. 

89.  An  eccentric  generally  used  on  the 
crank-shaft  for  communicating  the  recipro- 
cating rectihnear  motion  to  the  valves  of 
steam  engines,  and  sometimes  used  for 
pumping. 

90.  A  modification  of  the  above ;  an 
elongated  yoke  being  substituted  for  the 
circular  strap,  to  obviate  the  necessity  for 
any  vibrating  motion  of  the  rod  which  works 
in  fixed  guides. 

91.  Triangular  eccentric,  giving  an  inter- 
mittent reciprocating  rectihnear  motion,  used 
in  France  for  the  valve  motion  of  steam 
engines. 

92.  Ordinary  crank  motion. 


~1 


MechaxXical  Movements. 


29 


are  described  through  these  points.  The 
outside  circle  is  then  divided.into  double 
the  number  of  these  divisions,  and  lines 
drawn  to  the  center.  The  curve  is  then 
drawn  through  the  intersections  of  the  con- 
centric circles  and  the  radiating;  lines. 


93.  Crank  motion,  with  the  crank- wrist 
working  in  a  slotted  yoke,  thereby  dispens- 
ing with  the  oscillating  connecting-rod  or 
pitman. 

94.  Variable  crank,  two  circular  plates  re- 
volving on  the  same  center.  In  one  a  spiral 
groove  is  cut ;  in  the  other  a  series  of  slots 
radiating  from  the  center.  On  turning  one 
of  these  plates  around  its  center,  the  bolt 
shown  near  the  bottom  of  the  figure,  and 
which  passes  through  the  spiral  groove  and 
radial  slots,  is  caused  to  move  toward  or 
from  the  center  of  the  plates. 

95.  On  rotating  the  upright  shaft,  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  motion  is  imparted  by  the 
oblique  disk  to  the  upright  rod  resting  upon 
its  surface. 

96.  A  heart-cam.  Uniform  traversing  mo- 
tion is  imparted  to  the  horizontal  bar  by  the 
rotation  of  the  heart-shaped  cam.  The 
dotted  lines  show  the  mode  of  striking  out 
the  curve  of  the  cam.  The  length  of  traverse  ;  10 1.  Rectihnear  motion  of  horizontal  bar, 
is  divided  into  any  number  of  parts  ;  and  1  by  means  of  vibrating  slotted  bar  hung  from 
from  the  center  a  series  of  concentric  circles  ,  the  top. 


97.  This  is  a  heart-cam,  similar  to  96,  ex- 
cept that  it  is  grooved. 


98.  Irregular  vibrating  motion  is  produced 
by  the  rotation  of  the  circular  disk,  in  which 
is  fixed  a  crank-pin  working  in  an  endless 
srroove  cut  in  the  vibrating  arm. 


99.  Spiral  guide  attached  to  the  face  of  a 
disk ;  used  for  the  feed-motion  of  a  drilling 
machine. 


100.  Quick  return  crank  motion,  applicable 
to  shaping  machines. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


31 


102.  Common  screw  bolt  and  nut;  rec-  in  every  revolution.  A  point  inserted  in  the 
tilinear  motion  obtained  from  circular  mo-  groove  will  traverse  the  cylinder  from  end 
tion.  to  end. 


103.  Rectilinear  motion  of  slide  produced 
by  the  rotation  of  screw. 

104.  In  this,  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to 
the  wheel  by  the  rotation  of  the  screw,  or 
rectilinear  motion  of  the  slide  by  the  rota- 
tion of  the  wheel.  Used  in  screw-cutting 
and  slide-lathes. 

105.  Screw  stamping-press.  Rectilinear 
motion  from  circular  motion. 

106  and  107.  Uniform  reciprocating  rec- 
tilinear motion,  produced  by  rotary  motion 
of  grooved  cams. 

1 08.  Uniform  reciprocating  rectilinearmo- 
tion  from  uniform  rotary  motion  of  a  cylin- 
der, in  which  are  cut  reverse  threads  or 
grooves,  which  necessarily  intersect  twice 


109.  The  rotation  of  the  screw  at  the  left- 
hand  side  produces  a  uniform  rectilinear 
movement  of  a  cutter  which  cuts  another 
screw  thread.  The  pitch  of  the  screw  to  be 
cut  may  be  varied  by  changing  the  sizes  of 
the  wheels  at  the  end  of  the  frame. 

no.  Uniform  circular  into  uniform  recti- 
linear motion  ;  used  in  spooling-frames  for 
leading  or  guiding  the  thread  on  to  the 
spools.  The  roller  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
each  having  a  fine  screw  thread  cut  upon  it, 
one  a  right  and  the  other  a  left  hand  screw. 
The  spindle  parallel  with  the  roller  has^rms 
which  carry  two  half-nuts,  fitted  to  the 
screws,  one  over  and  the  other  under  the 
roller.  When  one  half-nut  is  in,  the  other 
is  out  of  gear.  By  pressing  the  lever  to  the 
right  or  left,  the  rod  is  made  to  traverse  in 
either  direction. 


32 


Mechanical  Movements. 


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112 


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113 


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116 


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Mechanical  Movements. 


33 


111.  Micrometer  screw.    Great  power  can 

be  obtained  by  tliis  device.  The  threads 
are  made  of  different  pitch  and  run  in  differ- 
ent directions,  consequently  a  die  or  nut 
fitted  to  the  inner  and  smaller  screw  would 
traverse  only  the  length  of  the  difference  be- 
tween the  pitches  for  every  revolution  of  the 
outside  hollow  screw  in  a  nut. 

112.  Persian  drill.  The  stock  of  the  drill 
has  a  very  quick  thread  cut  upon  it  and  re- 
volves freely,  supported  by  the  head  at  the 
top,  which  rests  against  the  body.  The  but- 
ton or  nut  shown  on  the  middle  of  the  screw 
is  held  firm  in  the  hand,  and  pulled  quickly 
up  and  down  the  stock,  thus  causing  it  to 
revolve  to  the  right  and  left  alternately. 

113.  Circular  into  rectilinear  motion,  or 
vice  versa,  by  means  of  rack  and  pinion. 

114.  Uniform  circular  motion  into  reci- 
procating rectilinear  motion,  by  means  of 
mutilated  pinion,  whicii  drives  alternately 
the  top  and  bottom  rack. 

1 1 5.  Rotary  motion  of  the  toothed  wheels 
produces  rectilinear  motion  of  the  double 
rack  and  gives  equal  force  and  velocity  to 
each  side,  both  wheels  being  of  equal  size. 

1 16.  A  substitute  for  the  crank.  Recip- 
rocating rectilinear  motion  of  the  frame  car- 
rying the  double  rack  produces  a  uniform 
rotary  motion  of  the  pinion-shaft.     A  sepa- 


rate pinion  is  used  for  each  rack,  the  tv.o 
racks  being  in  different  planes.  Both  pinions 
are  loose  on  the  shaft.  A  ratchet-wheel  is 
fast  on  the  shaft  outside  of  each  pinion,  and 
a  pawl  attached  to  the  pinion  to  engage  in 
it,  one  ratchet-wheel  having  its  teeth  set  in 
one  direction  and  the  other  having  its  teeth 
set  in  the  opposite  direction.  When  the 
racks  move  one  way,  one  pinion  turns  the 
shaft  by  means  of  its  pawl  and  ratchet ;  and 
when  the  racks  move  the  opposite  way,  the 
other  pinion  acts  in  the  same  way,  one  pinion 
always  turning  loosely  on  the  abaft 

117.  A  cam  acting  between  two  friction- 
rollers  in  a  yoke.  Has  been  used  to  give 
the  movement  to  the  valve  of  a  steam  en- 
gine. 

118.  A  mode  of  doubling  the  length  of 
stroke  of  a  piston-rod,  or  the  throw  of  a 
crank.  A  pinion  revolving  on  a  spindle  at- 
tached to  the  connecting-rod  or  pitman  is  in 
gear  with  a  fixed  rack.  Another  rack  carried 
by  a  guide-rod  above,  and  in  gear  with  the 
opposite  side  of  the  pinion,  is  free  to  tra- 
verse backward  and  forward.  Now,  as  the 
connecting-rod  communicates  to  the  pinion 
the  full  length  of  stroke,  it  would  cause  the 
top  rack  to  traverse  the  same  distance,  if  the 
bottom  rack  was  alike  movable  ;  but  as  the 
latter  is  fixed,  the  pinion  is  made  to  rotate, 
and  consequently  the  top  rack  travels  double 
the  distance. 


34 


Mechanical  Movements. 


119 


Z3 


r=>- 


i^^ 


m    JL 


i^d* 


124 


^  ^^ 


Mechanical  Movements. 


35 


119.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  of 
the  bar  carrying  the  oblong  endless  rack, 
produced  by  the  uniform  rotary  motion  of 
the  pinion  working  alternately  above  and 
below  the  rack.  The  shaft  of  the  pinion 
moves  up  and  down  in,  and  is  guided  by,  the 
slotted  bar. 


120.  Each  jaw  is  attached  to  one  of  the 
two  segments,  one  of  which  has  teeth  out- 
.side  and  the  other  teeth  inside.  On  turning 
the  shaft  carrying  the  two  pinions,  one  of 
which  gears  with  one  and  the  other  with  the 
other  segment,  the  jaws  are  brought  to- 
gether with  great  force. 

121.  Alternating  rectilinear  motion  of  the 
rod  attached  to  the  disk-wheel  produces  an 
intermittent  rotary  motion  of  the  cog-wheel 
by  means  of  the  click  attached  to  the  disk- 
wheel.  This  motion,  which  is  reversible  by 
throwing  over  the  click,  is  used  for  the  feed 
of  planing  machines  and  other  tools. 


the  double  rack  gives  a  continuous  rotary 
motion  to  the  center  gear.  The  teeth  on 
the  rack  act  upon  those  of  the  two  semi-cir- 
cular toothed  sectors,  and  the  spur-gears  at- 
tached to  the  sectors  operate  upon  the  cen- 
ter gear.  The  two  stops  on  the  rack  shown 
by  dotted  lines  are  caught  by  the  curved 
piece  on  the  center  gear,  and  lead  the 
toothed  sectors  alternately  into  gear  with 
the  double  rack. 


124.  Fiddle  drill.  Reciprocating  recti- 
linear motion  of  the  bow,  the  string  of 
which  passes  around  the  pulley  on  the  spin- 
dle carrying  the  drill,  producing  alternating 
rotary  motion  of  the  drill. 


125.  A  modification  of  the  motion  shown 
in  122,  but  of  a  more  complex  character. 


126.  A  bell- crank  lever,  used  for  changing 
the  direction  of  any  force. 


1 27.  Motion  used  in  air-pumps.     On  vi- 


122.  The  rotation  of  the  two  spur-gears, 
with  crank-wrists  attached,  produces  a  va- 
riable  alternating  traverse  of  the  horizontal  1  ^'^^'""S  the  lever  fixed  on  the  same  shaft 

with  the  spur-gear,  reciprocating  rectilinear 

motion  is  imparted  to  the  racks  on   each 

side,  which  are  attached  to  the  pistons  of 

Intended    as    a    substitute  for  the   two  pumps,  one  rack  always  ascending  while 

Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  of    the  other  is  descending. 


bar. 


123. 
crank. 


36 


Mechanical  Movements. 


i29    ^ 


130 


Mechanical  Movements. 


37 


128.  A  continuous  rotary  motion  of  the 
shaft  carrying  the  three  wipers  produces  a 
reciprocating  rectihnear  motion  of  the  rec- 
tangular frame.  The  shaft  must  revolve  in 
the  direction  of  the  arrow  for  the  parts  to  be 
in  the  position  represented. 

129.  Chinese  windlass.  This  embraces 
the  same  principles  as  the  micrometer  screw 
III.  The  movement  of  the  pulley  in 
every  revolution  of  the  windlass  is  equal  to 
half  the  difference  between  the  larger  and 
smaller  circumferences  of  the  windlass  bar- 
rel. 

130.  Shears  for  cutting  iron  plates,  etc. 
The  jaws  are  opened  by  the  weight  of  the 
long  arm  of  the  upper  one,  and  closed  by  the 
rotation  of  the  cam. 

131.  On  rotating  the  disk  carrying  the 
crank-pin  working  in  the  slotted  arm,  reci- 
procating rectilinear  motion  is  imparted  to 
the  rack  at  the  bottom  by  the  vibration  of 
the  toothed  sector. 

132.  This  is  a  motion  which  has  been 
used  in  presses  to  produce  the  necessary 
pressure  upon  the  platen.  Horizontal  mo- 
tion is  given  to  the  arm  of  the  lever  which 
turns  the  upper  disk.  Between  the  top  and 
bottom  disks  are  two  bars  which  enter 
holes  in  the  disks.  These  bars  are  in  ob- 
lique positions-,  as  shown  in  the  drawing, 
when  the  press  is  not  in  operation ;  but 
when  the  top  disk  is  made   to  rotate,  the 


bars  move  toward  perpendicular  positions 
and  force  the  lower  disk  down.  The  top 
disk  must  be  firmly  secured  in  a  stationary 
position,  except  as  to  its  revolution. 

133.  A  simple  press  motion  is  given 
through  the  hand-crank  on  the  pinion-shaft ; 
the  pinion  communicating  motion  to  the 
toothed  sector,  which  acts  upon  the  platen, 
by  means  of  the  rod  which  connects  it  there- 
with. 

134.  Uniform  circular  motion  into  recti- 
linear by  means  of  a  rope  or  band,  which  is 
wound  once  or  more  times  around  the  drum. 

1 35.  Modification  of  the  triangular  eccen- 
tric 91,  used  on  the  steam  engine  in  the 
Paris  Mint.  The  circular  disk  beliind  car- 
ries the  triangular  tappet,  which  communi- 
cates an  alternate  rectilinear  motion  to  the 
valve-rod.  The  valve  is  at  rest  at  the  com- 
pletion of  each  stroke  for  an  instant,  and  is 
pushed  quickly  across  the  steam-ports  to 
the  end  of  the  next. 

136.  A  cam-wheel  — of  which  a  side  view 
is  shown — has  its  rim  formed  into  teeth,  or 
made  of  any  profile  form  desired.  The  rod 
to  the  right  is  made  to  press   constantly 

j  against  the  teeth  or  edge  of  the  rim.  On 
j  turning  the  wheel,  alternate  rectilinear  mo- 
tion is  communicated  to  the  rod.  The  char- 
acter of  this  motion  may  be  varied  by  alter- 
ing the  shape  of  the  teeth  or  profile  of  the 
edge  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel. 


38 


Mechanical  Movements, 


Mechanical  Movements. 


39 


137.  Expansion  eccentric  used  in  France 
to  work  the  slide-valve  of  a  steam  engine. 
The  eccentric  is  fixed  on  the  crank-shaft, 
and  communicates  motion  to  the  forked  vi- 
brating arm  to  the  bottom  of  which  the 
valve-rod  is  attached. 

138.  On  turning  the  cam  at  the  bottom  a 
variable  alternating  rectilinear  motion  is  im- 
parted to  the  rod  resting  on  it. 

139.  The  internal  rack,  carried  l)y  the 
rectangular  frame,  is  free  to  slide  up  and 
down  within  it  for  a  certain  distance,  so  that 
the  pinion  can  gear  with  either  side  of  the 
rack.  Continuous  circular  motion  of  the 
pinion  is  made  to  produce  reciprocating 
rectilinear  motion  of  rectangular  frame. 

140.  The  toggle-joint  arranged  for  a 
punching  machine.  Lever  at  the  right  is 
made  to  operate  upon  the  joint  of  the  toggle 
by  means  of  the  horizontal  connecting-link. 

141.  Endless-band  saw.  Continuous  ro- 
tary motion  of  the  pulleys  is  made  to  pro- 
duce continuous  rectihnear  motion  of  the 
straight  parts  of  the  saw. 

142.  Movement  used  for  varying  the 
length  of  the  traversing  guide-bar  which,  in 
silk  machinery,  guides  the  silk  on  to  spools 
or  bobbins.  The  spur-gear,  turning  freely 
on  its  center,  is  carried  round  by  the  larger 
circular  disk,  which  turns  on  a  fixed  central 
stud,  which  has  a  pinion  •fast  on  its  end. 
Upon  the  spur-gear  is  bolted  a  small  crank, 
to  which  is  jointed  a  connecting-rod  attached 
to  traversing  guide-bar.  On  turning  the 
disk,  the  spur-gear  is  made  to  rotate  partly 
upon  its  center  by  means  of  the  fixed  pinion, 
and  consequently  brings  crank  nearer  to 
center  of  disk.     If  the  rotation  of  disk  was 


continued,  the  spur-gear  would  make  an  en- 
tire revolution.  During  half  a  revolution 
the  traverse  would  liave  been  shortened  a 
certain  amount  at  every  revolution  of  disk, 
according  to  the  size  ot  spur-gear  ;  and  dur- 
ing the  other  half  it  would  have  gradually 
lengthened  in  the  same  ratio. 

143.  Circular  motion  into  alternate  rec- 
tilinear motion.  Motion  is  transmitted 
through  pulley  at  the  left  upon  the  worm- 
shaft.  Worm  slides  upon  shaft,  but  is  made 
to  turn  with  it  by  means  of  a  groove  cut  in 
shaft,  and  a  key  in  hub  of  worm.  Worm  is 
carried  by  a  small  traversing-frame,  which 
slides  upon  a  horizontal  bar  of  the  fixed 
frame,  and  the  traversing-frame  also  carries 
the  toothed  wheel  into  which  the  worm  gears. 
One  end  of  a  connecting-rod  is  attached 
to  fixed  frame  at  the  right  and  the  other 
end  to  a  wrist  secured  in  toothed  wheel.  On 
turning  worm-shaft,  rotary  motion  is  trans- 
mitted by  worm  to  wheel,  which,  as  it  re- 
volves, is  forced  by  connecting-rod  to  make 
an  alternating  traverse  motion. 

'144.  A  system  of  crossed  levers,  termed 
"  Lazy  Tongs."  A  short  alternating  recti- 
linear motion  of  rod  at  the  right  will  give  a 
similar  but  much  greater  motion  to  rod  at 
the  left.  It  is  frequently  used  in  children's 
toys.  It  has  been  applied  in  France  to  a 
machine  for  raising  sunken  vessels  ;  also 
applied  to  ships'  pumps,  three-quarters  of  a 
century  ago. 

145.  Reciprocating  curvilinear  motion  of 
the  beam  gives  a  continuous  rotary  motion 
to  the  crank  and  fly-wheel.  The  small 
standard  ^t  the  left,  to  which  is  attached  one 
end  of  the  lever  with  which  the  beam  is  con- 
nected by  the  connecting-rod,  has  a  horizon- 
tal reciprocating  rectilinear  movement. 


40 


Mechanical  Movements. 


n 


146 


147 


148 


149 


150 


i52 


153 


151 


154 


Mechanical  Movements. 


41 


146.  Continuous  rotary  motion  of  the  disk 
produces  reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  of 
the  yoke-bar,  by  means  of  the  wrist  or  crank- 
pin  on  the  disk  working  in  the  groove  of  the 
yoke.  The  groove  may  be  so  shaped  as  to 
obtain  a  uniform  reciprocating  rectihnear 
motion. 

147.  Steam  engine  governor.  The  oper- 
ation is  as  follows  : —  On  engine  starting 
the  spindle  revolves  and  carries  round  the 
cross-head  to  which  fans  are  attached,  and 
on  which  are  also  fitted  two  friction-rollers 
which  bear  on  two  circular  inclined  planes 
attached  securely  to  the  center  shaft,  the 
cross-head  being  loose  on  the  shaft.  The 
cross-head  is  made  heavy,  or  has  a  ball  or 
other  weight  attached,  and  is  driven  by  the 
circular  inclined  planes.  As  the  speed  of 
the  center  shaft  increases,  the  Resistance  of 
the  air  to  the  wings  tends  to  retard  the  rota- 
tion of  the  cross-head ;  the  friction-rollers 
therefore  run  up  the  inclined  planes  and 
raise  the  cross-head,  to  the  upper  part  of 
which  is  connected  a  lever  operating  upon 
the  regulating- valve  of  the  engine. 

148.  Continuous  circular  motion  of  the 
spur-gears  produces  alternate  circular  mo- 
tion of  the  crank  attached  to  the  larger  gear. 

149.  Uniform  circular  converted,  by  the 
cams  acting  upon  the  levers,  into  alternating 
rectilinear  motions  of  the  attached  rods. 

150.  A  valve  motion  for  working  steam 
expansively.  The  series  of  cams  of  varying 
throw  are  movable  lengthwise  of  the  shaft  so 


that  either  may  be  made  to  act  upon  the 
lever  to  which  the  valve-rod  is  connected. 
A  greater  or  less  movement  of  the  valve  is 
produced,  according  as  a  cam  of  greater  or 
less  throw  is  opposite  the  lever. 

151.  Continuous  circular  into  continuous 
but  much  slower  rectilinear  motion.  The 
worm  on  the  upper  shaft,  acting  on  the 
toothed  wheel  on  the  screw-shaft,  causes  the 
right  and  left  hand  screw-threads  to  move 
the  nutr,  upon  them  toward  or  from  each 
other  according  to  the  direction  of  rotation. 

152.  An  ellipsograph.  The  traverse  bar 
(shown  in  an  oblique  position)  carries  two 
studs  which  slide  in  the  grooves  of  the  cross- 
piece.  By  turning  the  traverse  bar  an  at- 
tached pencil  is  made  to  describe  an  ellipse 
by  the  rectilinear  movement  of  the  studs  in 
the  grooves. 

153.  Circular  motion  into  alternating  rec- 
tihnear motion.  The  studs  on  the  rotating 
disk  strike  the  projection  on  the  under  side 
of  the  horizontal  bar,  moving  it  one  direc- 
tion. The  return  motion  is  given  by  means 
of  the  bell-crank  or  elbow-lever,  one  arm  of 
which  is  operated  upon  by  the  next  stud, 
and  the  other  strikes  the  stud  on  the  front 
of  the  horizontal  bar. 

154.  Circular  motion  into  alternating  rec- 
tilinear motion,  by  the  action  of  the  studs  on 
the  rotary  disk  upon  one  end  of  the  bell- 
crank,  the  other  end  of  which  has  attached 
to  it  a  weighted  cord  passing  over  a  pulley. 


42 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


43 


155.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  ! 
into  intermittent  circular  motion  by  means*; 
of  tiie  pawl  attached  to  the  elbow-lever,  and 
operating  in  the  toothed  wheel.  Motion  is 
given  to  the  wheel  in  either  direction  accord- 
ing to  the  side  on  which  the  pawl  works. 
This  is  used  in  giving  the  feed-motion  to 
planing  machines  and  other  tools. 

156.  Circular  motion  into  variable  alter- 
nating rectilinear  motion,  by  the  wrist  or 
crank-pin  on  the  rotating  disk  working  in 
the  slot  of  the  bell-crank  or  elbow-lever. 

157.  A  modification  of  the  movement  last 
described  ;  a  connecting-rod  being  substi- 
tuted for  the  slot  in  the  bell-crank. 

158.  Reciprocating  curvilinear  motion  of 
the  treadle  gives  a  circular  motion  to  the 
disk.  A  crank  may  be  substituted  for  the 
disk. 

1 59.  A  modification  of  1 58.  a  cord  and  pul- 
ley being  substituted  for  the  connecting  efed. 

1 6o. /Alternating  curvilinear  motion  into 
alternating  circular.  When  the  treadle  has 
been  depressed,  the  spring  at  the  top  ele- 
vates it  for  the  next  stroke  ;  the  connecting 
band  passes  once  round  the  pulley,  to  which 
it  gives  motion. 

161.  Centrifugal  governor  for  steam  en- 
gines. The  central  spindle  and  attached  arms 
and  balls  are  driven  from  the  engine  by  tiie 
bevel-gears  at  the  top,  and  the  balls  fly  out 
from  the  center  by  centrifugal  force.  If  the 
speed  of  the  engine  increases,  the  balls  fly 
out  further  from  the  center,  and  so  raise  the 
slide  at  the  bottom  and  thereby  reduce  the 
opening  of  the  regulating-valve  which  is 
connected  with  said  slide.  "  A  diminution  of 
speed  produces  an  opposite  effect. 

162.  Water-wheel  governor  acting  on  the 
same  principle  as  161,  but  by  different 
means.      The  governor  is  driven  by  the  top 


horizontal  shaft  and  bevel-gears,  and  the 
lower  gears  control  the  rise  and  fall  of  the 
shuttle  or  gate  over  or  through  which  the 
water  flows  to  the  wheel.  The  action  is  as 
follows: — The  two  beve]-"^ears  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  center  spindle,  which  are  fur- 
nished with  studs,  are  fitted  loosely  to  the 
said  spindle  and  remain  at  rest  so' long  as 
the  governor  has  a  proper  velocity  ;  but  im- 
mediately that  the  velocity  increases,  the 
balls,  flying  further  out,  draw  up  the  pin 
which  is  attached  to  a  loose  sleeve  which 
slides  up  and  down  the  spindle,  and  this 
pin,  coming  in  contact  with  the  stud  on  the 
upper  bevel  gear,  causes  that  gear  to  rotate 
with  the  spindle  and  to  give  motion  to  the 
lower  horizontal  shaft  in  such  a  direction  as 
to  make  it  raise  the  shuttle  or  gate,  and  so 
reduce  the  quantity  of  water  passing  to  the 
wheel.  On  the  contrary,  if  the  speed  ot  the 
governor  decreases  below  that  recjuired,  the 
pin  falls  and  gives  motion  to  the  lower  Le- 
vel-gear, which  drives  the  horizontal  shaft  ir 
the  opposite  direction  and  produces  a  con- 
trary effect. 

163.  Another  arrangement  for  a  water- 
wheel  governor.  In  this  the  governor  con- 
trols the  shuttle  or  gate  by  means  of  the 
cranked  lever,  which  acts  on  the  strap  or 
belt  in  the  following  manner  : — The  belt 
runs  on  one  of  three  pulleys,  the  middle  one 
of  which  is  loose  on  the  governor  spindle 
and  the  upper  and  lower  ones  fast.  When 
th'e  governor  is  running  at  the  proper  speed 
the  belt  is  on  the  loose  pulley,  as  shown  ;  but 
when  the  speed  increases  the  belt  is  thrown 
on  the  lower  pulley,  and  thereby  caused  to 
act  upon  suitable  gearing  for  raising  the  gate 
or  shuttle  and  decreasing  the  supply  of  wa- 
ter. A  reduction  of  the  speed  of  the  gover- 
nor brings  the  belt  on  the  upper  pulley, 
which  acts  upon  gearing  for  producing  an 
opposite  effiect  on  the  shuttle  or  gate. 


44 


Mechanical  Movements. 


(o. 


^^?^^^^^^^ 


166 


J69 


no 


171 


164.  A  knee-lever,  differing  slightly  from 
the  toggle-joint  shown  in  40.  It  is  often 
used  for  presses  and  stamps,  as  a  great 
force  can  be  obtained  by  it.  The  action 
is  by  raising  or  lowering  the  horizontal 
lever, 

165.  Circular  into  rect  ,';near  motion.  The 
waved-wheel  or  cam  on  the  upright  shaft 
communicates  a  rectilinear  motion  to  the 
upright  bar  through  the  oscillating  rod. 

166.  The  rotation  of  the  disk  carrying  the 
crank  pin  gives  a  to-and-fro  motion  to  the 
connecting-rod,  and  the  slot  allows  the  rod 
to  remain  at  rest  at  the  termination  of  each 
stroke  ;  it  has  been  used  in  a  brick-press, 
in  which  the  connecting-rod  draws  a  mold 
backward  and  forward,  and  permits  it  to  rest 
at  the  termination  of  each  stroke,  that  the 
clay  may  be  deposited  in  it  and  the  brick 
extracted. 

167.  A  drum  or  cylinder  having  an  endless 
spiral  groove  extending  all  around  it  ;  one 
half  of  the  groove  having  its  pitch  in  one, 
and  the  other  half  its  pitch  in  the  opposite 
direction.  A  stud  on  a  reciprocating  recti- 
linearly  moving  rod  works  in  the  groove,  and 
so  converts  reciprocating  into  rotary  motion. 
This  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
crank  in  a  steam  engine. 

168.  The  slotted  crank  at  the  left  hand  of 
the  figure  is  on  the  main  shaft  of  an  engine, 
and  the  pitman  which  connects  it  with  the 
reciprocating  moving  power  is  furnished 
with  a  pin  which  works  in  the  slot  of  the 


crank.  Intermediate  between  the  first  crank 
and  the  moving  power  is  a  shaft  carrying  a 
second  crank,  of  an  invariable  radius,  con- 
nected with  the  same  pitman.  While  the 
first  crank  moves  in  a  circular  orbit,  the  pin 
at  the  end  of  the  pitman  is  compelled  to 
move  in  an  elliptical  orbit,  thereby  increas- 
ing the  leverage  of  the  main  crank  at  those 
points  which  are  most  favorable  for  the 
transmission  of  power. 

169.  A  modification  of  168,  in  which  a 
link  is  used  to  connect  the  pitman  with  the 
main  crank,  thereby  dispensing  with  the  slot 
in  the  .said  crank. 

170.  Another  form  of  steam  engine  gov- 
ernor. Instead  of  the  arms  being  connected 
with  a  slide  working  on  a  spindle,  they  cross 
each  other  and  are  elongated  upward  beyond 
the  top  thereof  and  connected  with  the  valve- 
rod  by  two  siiort  links. 

171.  Valve  motion  and  reversing  gear 
used  in  oscillating  marine  engines.  The 
two  eccentric  rods  give  an  oscillating  mo- 
tion to  the  slotted  link  whicii  works  the 
curved  sHde  over  the  trunnion.  Within  the 
slot  in  the  curved  slide  is  a  pin  attached  to 
the  arm  of  a  rock-shaft  which  gives  motion 
to  the  valve.  The  curve  of  the  slot  in  the 
slide  is  an  arc  of  a  circle  described  from  the 
center  of  the  trunnion,  and  as  it  moves  with 
the  cylinder  it  does  not  interfere  with  the 
stroke  of  the  valve.  The  two  eccentrics 
and  link  are  like  those  of  the  link  motion 
used  in  locomotives. 


46 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


47 


172.  A  mode  of  obtaining  an  egg-shaped 
elliptical  movement. 

173.  A  movement  used  in  silk  machinery 
for  the  same  pui-pose  as  that  described  in 
142.  On  the  back  of  a  disk  or  bevel-gear 
is  secured  a  screw  with  a  tappet- wheel 
at  one  extremity.  On  each  revolution  of 
the  disk  the  tappet-wheel  comes  in  contact 
with  a  pin  or  tappet,  and  thus  receives  an  in- 
termittent rotary  movement.  A  wrist  secured 
to  a  nut  on  the  screw  enters  and  works  in  a 
slotted  bar  at  the  end  of  the  rod  which 
guides  the  silk  on  the  bobbins.  Each  revo- 
lution of  the  disk  varies  the  length  of  stroke 
of  the  guide-rod,  as  the  tappet-wheel  on  the 
end  of  the  screw  turns  the  screw  with  ij, 
and  the  position  of  the  nut  on  the  screw  is 
tlierefore  changed. 

174.  Carpenters' bench-clamp.  By  push- 
ing the  clamp  between  the  jaws  they  are 
made  to  turn  on  the  screws  and  clamp  the 
sides 

175.  A  means  of  giving  one  complete  re- 
volution to  the  crank  of  an  engine  to  each 
stroke  of  the  piston. 

176  and  177.  Contrivance  for  uncoupling 
engines.  The  wrist  which  is  fixed  on  one 
arm  of  the  crank  (not  shown)  will  communi- 
cate motion  to  the  arm  of  the  crank  which 
is  represented,  when  the  ring  on  the  lat- 
ter has  its  slot  in  the  position  shown  in 
176.  But  when  the  ring  is  turned  to  bring 
the  slot  in  the  position  shown  in  177, 
the  wrist  passes  through  the  slot  without 


turning  the  crank  to  which  said  ring  is  at- 
tached. 

178.  Contrivance  for  varying  the  speed  of 
the  slide  carrying  the  cutting  tool  in  slotting 
and  shaping  machines,  etc.  The  driving- 
shaft  works  through  an  opening  in  a  fixed 
disk,  in  which  is  a  circular  slot.  At  the  end 
of  the  said  shaft  is  a  slotted  crank.  A  slide 
fits  in  the  slot  of  the  crank  and  in  the  circu- 
lar slot ;  and  to  the  outward  extremity  of 
this  slide  is  attached  the  connecting-rod 
which  works  the  slide  carrying  the  cutting 
tool.  When  the  driving-shaft  rotates  the 
crank  is  carried  round,  and  the  slide  carry- 
ing the  end  of  the  connecting-rod  is  guided 
by  the  circular  slot,  which  is  placed  eccen- 
trically to  the  shaft  ;  therefore,  as  the  slide 
approaches  the  bottom,  the  length  of  the 
crank  is  shortened  and  the  speed  of  the  con- 
necting-rod is  diminished. 

179.  Reversing-gear  for  a  single  engine. 
On  raising  the  eccentric-rod  the  valve-spin- 
dle is  released.  The  engine  can  then  be  re- 
versed by  working  the  upright  lever,  after 
which  the  eccentric-rod  is  let  down  again. 
The  eccentric  in  this  case  is  loose  upon  the 
shaft  and  driven  by  a  projection  on  the  shaft 
acting  upon  a  nearly  semi-circular  projection 
on  the  side  of  the  eccentric,  which  permits 
the  eccentric  to  turn  half-way  round  on  the 
shaft  on  reversing  the  valves. 

180.  This  only  differs  from  174  in  be- 
ing composed  of  a  single  pivoted  clamp 
operating  in  connection  with  a  fixed  side- 
piece. 


48 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


49 


1 8,'  and  182.  Diagonal  catch  or  hanc^-gear 
used  in  large  blowing  and  pumping  engines. 
In  181  the  lower  steam- valve  and  upper 
eduction-valve  are  open,  while  the  upper 
steam-valve  and  lower  eduction-valve  are 
shut ;  consequently  the  piston  will  be  as- 
cending. In  the  ascent  of  the  piston-rod 
the  lower  handle  will  be  struck  by  the  pro- 
jecting tappet,  and,  being  raised,  will  be- 
come engaged  by  the  catch  and  shut  the 
upper  eduction  and  lower  steam  valves  ;  at 
the  same  time,  the  upper  handle  being  dis- 
engaged from  the  catch,  the  back  weight  will 
pull  the  handle  up  and  open  the  upper  steam 
and  lower  eduction  valves,  when  the  pis- 
ton will  consequently  descend.  182  repre- 
sents the  position  of  the  catchers  and  han- 
dles when  the  piston  is  at  the  top  of  the 
cylinder.  In  going  down,  the  tappet  of  the 
piston-rod  strikes  the  upper  handle  and 
throws  the  catches  and  handles  to  the  po- 
sition shown  in  181. 

183  and  184  represent  a  modiflcation  of 
181  and  182,  the  diagonal  catches  being  su- 
perseded by  two  quadrants. 

185.  Link-motion  valve-gear  of  a  locomo- 
tive. Two  eccentrics  are  used  for  one  valve, 
one  for  the  forward  and  the  other  for  the 
backward  movement  of  the  engine.  The 
extremities  of  the  eccentric-rods  are  jointed 
to  a  curved  slotted  bar,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  a 
link,  which  can  be  raised  or  lowered  by  an 
arrangement  of  levers  terminating  in  a  han- 
dle as  shown.     In  the  slot  of  the  link  is  a 


slide  and  pin  connected  with  an  arrangement 
of  levers  terminating  at  the  valve-stem.  The 
link,  in  moving  with  the  action  of  the  eccen- 
trics, carries  with  it  the  slide,  and  thence 
motion  is  communicated  to  the  valve.  Sup- 
pose the  link  raised  so  that  the  slide  is  in 
the  middle,  then  the  link  will  oscillate  on 
the  pin  of  the  slide,  and  consequently  the 
valve  will  be  at  rest.  If  the  link  is  moved 
so  that  the  slide  is  at  one  of  its  extremities, 
the  whole  throw  of  the  eccentric  connected 
with  that  extremity  will  be  given  to  it,  and 
the  valve  and  steam-ports  will  be  opened  to 
the  full,  and  it  will  only  be  toward  the  end 
of  the  stroke  that  they  will  be  totally  shut, 
consequently  the  steam  will  have  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  cylinder  during  almost  the  en- 
tire length  of  each  stroke.  But  if  the  slide 
is  between  the  middle  and  the  extremity  of 
the  slot,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  it  receives 
only  a  part  of  the  throw  of  the  eccentric, 
and  the  steam-ports  will  only  be  partially 
opened,  and  are  quickly  closed  again,  so 
that  the  admission  of  steam  ceases  some 
time  before  the  termination  of  the  stroke, 
and  the  steam  is  worked  expansively.  The 
nearer  the  slide  is  to  the  middle  of  the  slot 
the  greater  will  be  the  expansion,  and  vice 
versa. 

1 86.  Apparatus  for  disengaging  the  eccen- 
tric-rod from  the  valve-gear.  By  pulling  up 
the  spring  hand'e  below  untii  it  catches  in 
the  notch,  «,  the  pin  is  disengaged  from  the 
gab  in  the  eccentric-rod. 

187  and  188.  Modifications  of  186. 


so 


Mechanical  Movements. 


i8q.  Another  modification  of  i86. 

190.  A  screw-clamp.  On  turning  the 
handle  the  screw  thrusts  upward  against  the 
holder,  which,  operating  as  a  lever,  holds 
down  the  piece  of  wood  or  other  material 
placed  under  it  on  the  other  side  of  its  ful- 
crum. 


only  one  circle  of  teeth  being  provided  on 
the  wheel.  With  all  of  these  mangle-wheels 
the  pinion-shaft  is  guided  and  the  pinion 
kept  in  gear  by  a  groove  in  the  wheel.  The 
said  shaft  is  made  with  a  universal  joint, 
which  allows  a  portion  of  it  to  have  the  vi- 
bratory motion  necessary  to  keep  the  pinion 
in  gear. 


191.  Scroll-gears  for  obtaining  a  gradually 
increasing  speed., 

192.  A  variety  of  what  is  known  as  the 
"mangle-wheel."  One  variety  of  this  was 
illustrated  by  36.  In  this  one  the  speed 
varies  in  every  part  of  a  revolution,  the 
groove,  b,  d,  in  which  the  pinion-shaft  is 
guided,  as  well  as  the  series  of  teeth,  being 
eccentric  to  the  axis  of  the  wheel. 

193.  Another  kind  of  mangle-wheel  with 
its  pinion.  With  this  as  well  as  with  that 
in  the  preceding  figure,  although  the  pinion 
continues  to  revolve  in  one  direction,  the 
mangle-wheel  will  make  almost  an  entire  re- 
volution in  one  direction  and  the  same  in  an 
opposite  direction  ;  but  the  revolution  of  the 
v.'heel  in  one  direction  will  be  slower  than 
that  in  the  other,  owing  to  the  greater  radius 
of  the  outer  circle  of  teeth. 

194.  Another  mangle- wheel.  In  this  the 
speed  is  equal  in  both  directions  of  motion, 


195.  A  mode  of  driving  a  pair  of  feed- 
rolls,  the  opposite  surfaces  of  which  require 
to  move  in  the  same  direction.  The  two 
wheels  are  preci.sely  similar,  and  both  gear 
into  the  endless  screw  which  is  arranged  be- 
tween them.  The  teeth  of  one  wheel  only 
are  visible,  those  of  the  other  being  on  the 
back  or  side  which  is  concealed  from  view. 

196.  The  pinion,  B,  rotates  about  a  fixed 
axis  and  gives  an  irregular  vibratory  motion 
to  the  arm  carrying  the  wheel,  A. 

197.  What  is  called  a  "mangle-rack."  A 
continuous  rotation  of  the  pinion  will  give  a 
reciprocating  motion  to  the  square  frame. 
The  pinion-shaft  must  be  free  to  rise  and 
fall,  to  pass  round  the  guides  at  the  ends  of 
the  rack.  This  motion  may  be  modified  as 
follows  : — If  the  square  frame  be  fixed,  and 
the  pinion  be  fixed  upon  a  shaft  made  with 
a  universal  joint,  the  end  of  the  shaft  will 
de.scribe  a  line,  similar  to  that  shown  in  the 
drawing,  aroimd  the  rack. 


52 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


53 


198.  A  modification  of  197.  In  this  the 
pinion  revolves,  but  does  not  rise  and  fall 
as  in  the  former  figure.  The  portion  of 
the  frame  carrying  the  rack  is  jointed  to  the 
main  portion  of  the  frame  by  rods,  so  that 
when  the  pinion  arrives  at  the  end  it  lifts 
the  rack  by  its  own  movement,  and  follows 
on  the  other  side. 

199.  Another  form  of  mangle-rack.  The 
lantern-pinion  revolves  continuously  in  one 
direction,  and  gives  reciprocating  motion  to 
the  square  frame,  which  is  guided  by  rollers 
or  grooves.  The  pinion  has  only  teeth  in 
less  than  half  of  its  circumference,  so  that 
while  it  engages  one  side  of  the  rack,  the 
toothless  half  is  directed  against  the  other. 
The  large  tooth  at  the  commencement  of 
each  rack  is  made  to  insure  the  teeth  of  the 
pinion  being  properly  in  gear. 

200.  A  mode  of  obtaining  two  diflferent 
speeds  on  the  same  shaft  from  one  driving- 
wheel. 

201.  A  continual  rotation  of  the  pinion 
(obtained  through  the  irregular  shaped  gear 
at  the  left)  gives  a  variable  vibrating  move- 


ment to  the  horizontal  arm,  and  a  variable 
reciprocating  movement  to  the  rod,  A. 

202.  Worm  or  endless  screw  and  worm- 
wheel.  Modification  of  30,  used  when 
steadiness  or  great  power  is  required. 

203.  A  regular  vibrating  movement  of  the 
curved  slotted  arm  gives  a  variable  vibration 
to  the  straight  arm. 

204.  An  illustration  of  the  transmission  of 
rotary  motion  from  one  shaft  to  another,  ar- 
ranged obliquely  to  it,  by  means  of  rolling 
contact. 

205.  Represents  a  wheel  driven  by  a  pin- 
ion of  two  teeth.     The  pinion  consists  in  re- 

'  ality  of  two  cams,  which  gear  with  two  dis- 
I  tinct  series  of  teeth  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
!  wheel,  the  teeth  of  one  series  alternating  in 
!  position  with  those  of  the  other. 

'  206.  A  continuous  circular  movement  of 
!  the  ratchet-wheel,  produced  by  the  vibration 
!  of  the  lever  carrying  two  pawls,  one  of  which 
engages  the  ratchet-teeth  in  rising  and  the 
!  other  in  falling. 


54 


Mfxhanical  Movements, 


201 


208 


209 


Mechanical  Movements. 


55 


207.  A  modification  of  195  by  means  of 
two  worms  and  worm-wheels. 

208.  A  pin-wheel  and  slotted  pinion,  by 
which  three  changes  of  speed  can  be  ob- 
tained. There  are  three  circles  of  pins  of 
equal  distance  on  the  face  of  the  pin-wheel, 
and  by  shifting  the  slotted  pinion  along  its 
shaft,  to  bring  it  in  contact  with  one  or  the 
other  of  the  circles  of  pins,  a  continuous  ro- 
tary motion  of  the  wheel  is  made  to  produce 
three  changes  of  ^peed  of  the  pinion,  or  vice 
versa. 

209.  Represents  a  mode  of  obtaining  mo- 
tion from  rolling  contact.  The  teeth  are  for 
making  the  motion  continuous,  or  it  would 
cease  at  the  point  of  contact  shown  in  the 
figure.  The  forked  catch  is  to  guide  the 
teeth  into  proper  contact. 

210.  By  turning  the  shaft  carrying  the 
curved  slotted  arm,  a  rectilinear  motion  of 
variable  velocity  is  given  to  the  vertical  bar. 


211.  A  continuous  rotary  motion  of  the 
large  wheel  gives  an  intermittent  rotary  mo- 
tion to  the  pinion-shaft.  The  part  of  the 
pinion  shown  next  the  wheel  is  cut  of  the 
same  curve  as  the  plain  portion  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  wheel,  and  therefore 
serves  as  a  lock  while  the  wheel  makes  a 
part  of  a  revolution,  and  until  the  pin  upon 
the  whtel  strikes  the  guide-piece  upon  the 
pinion,  when  the  pinion-shaft  commences 
another  revolution. 

212.  What  is  called  the  "Geneva-stop, 
used  in  Swiss  watches  to  liptiit  the  numbei 
of  revolutions  in  winding-up  ;    the  convex 
curved  part,  «,  b,  of  the  wheel,  B,  serving  as 
the  stop. 

213.  Another  kind  of  stop  for  the  same 
purpose. 

214  and  215.  Other  modifications  of  the 
stop,  the  operations  of  which  will  be  easily 
understood  by  a  comparison  with  212. 


56 


Mechanical  Movements. 


222 


223 


221 


Mechanical  Movements. 


57 


216.  The  external  and  internal  mutilated 
cog-wheels  work  alternately  into  the  pinion, 
and  give  slow  forward  and  quick  reverse 
motion. 

217  and  218.  These  are  parts  of  the  same 
movement,  which  has  been  used  for  giving 
the  roller  motion  in  wool-combing  machines. 
The  roller  to  which  wheel,  F  (218),  is  secured 
is  required  to  make  one  third  a  revolution 
backward,  then  two  thirds  of  a  revolution 
forward,   when    it  must  stop  until  another 
length  of  combed  fiber  is  ready  for  delivery. 
This  is  accomplished  by  the  grooved  heart- 
cam,  C,  D,  B,  e  (217),  the  stud.  A,  working 
in  the  said  groove  ;  from  C  to  D  it  moves 
the   roller   backward,  and   from   D  to  ^  it 
moves  it  forward,  the  motion  being  trans- 
mitted through  the  catch,  G,  to  the  notch- 
wheel,  F,  on  the  roller-shaft,  H.     When  the 
stud,  A,  arrives  at  the  point,  e,  in  the  cam,  a  I 
projection  at  the  back  of  the  wheel  which  | 
carries  the  cam  strikes  the  projecting  piece  ; 
on   the  catch,  G,  and  raises  it  out  of  the 
notch  in  the  wheel,    F,  so  that,  while  the 
stud  is  traveling  in  the  cam  from  e  to  C,  the 
catch  is  passing  over  the  plain  surface  be- 
tween the  two  notches  in  the  wheel,  F,  with- 
out imparting  any  motion  ;  but  when  stud,  \ 
A,  arrives  at   the   part,   C,  the   catch    has  | 
dropped  in  another  notch,  and  is  again  ready  i 
to  move  wheel,  F,  and  roller  as  required. 

219.  Variable  circular  motion  by  crown- i 
wheel  and  pinion.  The  crown-wheel  is  i 
placed  eccentrically  to  the  shaft,  therefore  | 
the  relative  radius  changes.  I 

220.  The  two  crank-shafts  are  parallel  in 
direction,  but  not  in  line  with  each  other,  i 
The  revolution  of  either  will  communicate 
motion  to  the  other  with  a  varying  velocity, 
for  the  wrist  of  one  crank  working  in  the 


;  slot  of  the  other  is  continually  changing  its 
;  distance  from  the  shaft  of  the  latter. 

221.  Irregular  circular  motion  imparted  to 
wheel,  A.  C  is  an  elliptical  spur-gear  rotat- 
ing round  center,  D,  and  is  the  driver.  B  is 
a  small  pinion  with  teeth  of  the  same  pitch, 
gearing  with  C.  The  center  of  this  pinion 
is  not  fixed,  but  is  carried  by  an  arm  or 
frame  which  vibrates  on  a  center.  A,  so  that 
as  C  revolves  the  frame  rises  and  falls  to 
enable  pinion  to  remain  in  gear  with  it,  not- 
withstanding the  variation  in  its  radius  of 
contact.  To  keep  the  teeth  of  C  and  B  in 
gear  to  a  proper  deptli,  and  prevent  them 
from  riding  over  each  other,  wheel,  C,  has 
attached  to  it  a  plate  which  extends  beyond 
it  and  is  furnished  with  a  groove,  g,  //,  of 
similar  elliptical  form,  for  the  reception  of  a 
pin  or  small  roller  attached  to  the  vibrating 
arm  concentric  with  pinion,  B. 

222.  If  for  the  eccentric  wheel  described 
in  the  last  figure  an  ordinary  spur-gear  mov- 
ing on  an  eccentric  center  of  nrotion  be  sub- 
stituted, a  simple  hnk  connecting  the  center 
of  the  wheel  with  that  of  the  pinion  with 
which  it  gears  will  maintain  proper  pitching 
of  teeth  in  a  more  simple  manner  than  the 
groove. 

223.  An  arrangement  for  obtaining  vari- 
able circular  motion.  The  sectors  are  ar- 
ranged on  different  planes,  and  the  relative 
velocity  changes  according  to  the  respective 
diameters  of  the  sectors. 

224.  This  represents  an  expanding  pulley. 
On  turning  pinion,  d,  to  the  right  or  left,  a 
similar  motion  is  imparted  to  wheel,  t",  which, 
by  means  of  curved  slots  cut  therein,  thrusts 
the  studs  fastened  to  arms  of  pulley  outward 
or  inward,  thus  augmenting  or  diminishing 
the  size  oif  the  pulley. 


58 


Mechanical  Movements. 


225 


228 


231 


Mechanical  Movements. 


59 


225.  Intermittent  circular  motion  of  the 
ratchet-wheel  from  vibratory  motion  of  the 
arm  carrying  a  pawl. 

226.  This  movement  is  designed  to  double 
the  speed  by  gears  of  equal  diameters  and 
numbers  of  teeth — a  result  once  generally 
supposed  to  be  impossible.  Six  bev^l-gears 
are  employed.  The  gear  on  the  shaft,  B,  is 
in  gear  with  two  others — one  on  the  shaft, 
F,  and  the  other  on  the  same  hollow  shaft 
with  C,  which  turns  loosely  on  F.  The  gear, 
D,  is  carried  by  the  frame,  A,  which,  being 
fast  on  the  shaft,  F,  is  made  to  rotate,  and 
therefore  takes  round  D  with  it.  E  is  loose 
on  the  shaft,  F,  and  gears  with  D.  Now,  sup- 
pose the  two  gears  on  the  hollow  shaft,  C, 
were  removed  and  D  prevented  from  turning 
on  its  axis  ;  one  revolution  given  to  the  gear 
on  B  would  cause  the  frame,  A,  also  to  re- 
ceive one  revolution,  and  as  this  frame  car- 
ries with  it  the  gear,  D,  gearing  with  E,  one 
revolution  wouid  be  imparted  to  E  ;  but  if 
the  gears  on  the  hollow  shaft,  C,  were  re- 
placed, D  would  receive  also  a  revolution  on 
its  axis  during  the  one  revolution  of  B,  and 
thus  would  produce  two  revolutions  of  E. 

227.  Represents  a  chain  and  chain  pulley. 


The  links  being  in  different  planes,  spaces 
are  left  between  them  for  the  teeth  of  the 
pulley  to  enter. 

228.  Another  kind  of  chain  and  pulley. 

229.  Another  variety. 

230.  Circular  motion  into  ditto.  The  con- 
necting-rods are  so  arranged  that  when  one 
pair  of  connected  links  is  over  the  dead 
point,  or  at  the  extremity  of  its  stroke,  the 
other  is  at  right  angles  ;  continuous  motion 
is  thus  insured  without  a  fly-wheel. 

231.  Drag-link  motion.  Circular  motion 
is  transmitted  from  one  crank  to  the  other. 

232.  Intermittent  circular  motion  is  im- 
parted to  the  toothed  wheel  by  vibrating  the 
arm,  B.  When  the  arm,  B,  is  lifted,  the 
pawl,  C,  is  raised  from  between  the  teeth  of 
the  wheel,  and,  traveling  backward  over 
the  circumference,  again  drops  between  two 
teeth  on  lowering  the  arm,  and  draws  with 
it  the  wheel. 

233.  Shows  two  different  kinds  of  stops 
for  a  lantern-wheel. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


6i 


234.  Represents  a  verge  escapement.   On   wheel,  and  C  and  B  the  pallets.     A  is  the 
oscillating   the  spindle,  S,  the  crown-wheel  I  axis  of  the  pallets, 
has  an  intermittent  rotary  motion. 


235.  The  oscillation  of  the  tappet-arm  pro-       ^39-  An  arrangement  of  stops  for  a  spur- 

duces  an  intermittent  rotary  motion  of  the  |  S^-^*"- 

ratchet-wheel.    The  small  spring  at  tlie  hot-  \ 

tom  of  tlie  tappet-arm  keeps  the  tappet  in 

the  position  shown  in  the  drawing  as   the  ^^  ^  \-         c    .         r 

*  i      -4°-  Represents  varieties  of  stops  for  a 

arm  rises,  yet  allows  it  to  pass  the  teeth  on 

ratchet-wheel. 
the  return  motion. 


236.  A  nearly  continuous  circular  motion 
is  imparted  to  the  ratchet-wheel  on  vibrating 
the  lever,  a,  to  which  are  attached  the  two 
pawls,  d  and  c. 

237.  A  reciprocating  circular  motion  of 
the  top  arm  makes  its  attached  pawl  pro- 
duce an  intermittent  circular  motion  of  the 
crown-ratchet  or  rag-wheel. 

238.  An  escapement.     D  is  the  escape- 


241.  Intermittent  circular  motion  is  im- 
parted to  the  wheel,  A,  by  the  continuous 
circular  motion  of  the  smaller  wheel  with 
one  tooth. 


242.  A  brake  used  in  cranes  and  hoisting 
machines.  By  pulling  down  the  end  of  the 
lever,  the  ends  of  the  brake-strap  are  drawn 
toward  each  other,  and  the  strap  tightened 
on  the  brake-wheel. 


62 


Mechanical  Movements. 


I 


Mechanical  Movements. 


63 


243.  Represents  a  mode  of  transmitting 
power  from  a  iiorizontal  shaft  to  tv/o  vertical 
ones  by  means  of  pulleys  and  a  band. 

244.  A  dynamometer,  or  instrument  used 
for  ascertaining  the  amount  of  useful  effect 
given  out  by  any  motive-power.  It  is  used 
as  follows  : — A  is  a  smoothly-turned  pulley, 
secured  on  a  shaft  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
motive-power.  Two  blocks  of  wood  are  fit- 
ted to  tills  pulley,  or  one  block  of  wood  and 
a  series  of  straps  fastened  to  a  band  or 
chain,  as  in  the  drawing,  instead  of  a  com- 
mon block.  The  blocks  or  block  and  straps 
are  so  arranged  that  they  may  be  made  to 
bite  or  press  upon  the  pulley  by  mean.s  of 
the  screws  and  nuts  on  the  top  of  the  lever, 
D.  To  estimate  the  amount  of  power  trans- 
mitted through  the  sliaft,  it  js  only  necessary 
to  ascertain  the  amount  of  friction  of  the 
drum.  A,  when  it  is  in  motion,  and  the  num- 
ber of  revolutions  made.  At  the  end  of  the 
lever,  D,  is  hung  a  scale,  B,  in  which  weights 
are  placed.  The  two  stop:;,  C,  C,  are  to 
maintain  the  Ijver  as  nearly  as  possible  in  a 
horizontal  position.  Now,  suppose  the  shaft 
to  lie  in  motion,  the  screws  are  to  be  tight- 
ened and  weights  added  in  B,  until  the  lever 
takes  tlie  position  shown  in  the  drawing  at 
the  required  number  of  revolutions.  There- 
fore the  useful  effect  would  be  equal  to  the 
product  of  the  weights  multiplied  by  the  ve- 
locity at  which  the  point  of  suspension  of  the 
weights  would  revolve  if  the  lever  were  at- 
tached to  the  shaft. 

245.  Bayonet  joint.  On  turning  the  part, 
A,  it  is  released  from  the  L-shaped  slot  in 
the  socket,  B,  when  it  can  be  withdrawn. 

246.  Represents  a  pantograph  for  copying, 
enlarging,   and   reducing  plans,  etc.      One 


arm  is  attached  to  and  turns  on  the  fixed 
point,  C.  B  is  an  ivory  tracing-point,  and 
A  the  pencil.  Arranged  as  shown,  if  we 
trace  the  lines  of  a  plan  with  the  point,  B, 
the  pencil  will  reproduce  it  double  the  size. 
By  shifting  the .  slide  attached  to  the  fixed 
point,  C,  and  the  slide  carrying  the  pencil 
along  their  respective  arms,  the  proportion 
to  which  the  plan  is  traced  will  be  varied. 

247.  A  mode  of  releasing  a  sounding- 
weight.  When  the  piece  projecting  from 
the  bottom  of  the  rod  strikes  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  it  is  forced  upward  relatively  to  the 
rod,  and  withdraws  the  catch  from  under  the 
weight,  which  drops  off  and  allows  the  rod  to 
be  lifted  without  it. 

248.  Union  coupling.  A  is  a  pipe  with  a 
small  flange  abutting  against  the  pipe,  C, 
with  a  screwed  end  ;  B  a  nut  which  holds 
them  together. 

249.  Ball-and-socket  joint,  arranged  for 
tubing. 

250.  Anti-friction  bearing.  Instead  of  a 
shaft  revolving  in  an  ordinary  bearing  it  is 

'  sometimes  supported  on  the  circumference 
i  of  wheels.     The  friction  is  thus  reduced  to 

i  the  least  amount. 

I 

i      251.  Releasing-hook,  used  in  pile-driving 
I  machines.     When  the  weight,  W,  is  suffi- 
1  ciently  raised,  the  upper  ends  of  the  hooks, 
1  A,  by  which  it  is  suspended,  are  pressed  in- 
ward by  the  sides  of  the  slot,  B,  in  the  top 
of  the  frame  ;  the  weight  is  thus  suddenly 
released,  and  falls  with  accumulating  force 
on  to  the  pile-head. 


64 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


65 


252.  A  and  B  are  two  rollers  which  require 
to  be  equally  moved  to  and  fro  in  the  slot, 
C.  This  is  accomplished  by  moving  the 
piece,  D,  with  oblique  slotted  arms,  up  and 
down. 


253.  Ceiitrifugal  check-hooks,  for  prevent- 
ing accidents  in  case  of  the  breakage  of  ma- 
chinery whif;h  raises  and  lowers  workmen, 
ores,  etc.,  in  mines.  A  is  a  frame-work  fixed 
to  the  side  of  the  shaft  of  the  mine,  and 
having  fixed  studs,  D,  attached.  The  drum 
on  which  the  rope  is  wound  is  provided  with 
a  flange,  B,  to  which  the  check-hooks  are 
attached.  If  the  drum  acquires  a  dangerous- 
ly rapid  motion,  the  hooks  fly  out  by  centri- 
fugal force,  and  one  or  other  or  all  of  them 
catch  hold  of  the  studs,  D,  and  arrest  the 
drum  and  stop  the  descent  of  whatever  is 
attached  to  the  rope.  The  drum  ought  be- 
sides this  to  have  a  spring  applied  to  it, 
otherwise  the  jerk  arising  from  the  sudden 
stoppage  of  the  rope  might  produce  worse 
effects  than  its  rapid  motion. 


254.  A  sprocket-wheel  to  drive  or  to  be 
driven  by  a  chain. 


255.  A  flanged  pulley  to  drive  or  be  driven 
by  a  flat  belt. 

256.  A  plain  pulley  for  a  flat  belt. 

257.  A  concave-grooved  pulley  for  a  round 
band. 

258.  A  smooth-surface  V-grooved  pulley 
for  a  round  band. 

259.  A  V-grooved  pulley  having  its  groove 
notched  to  increase  the  adhesion  of  the 
band. 

260.  A  differential  movement.  The  screw, 
C,  works  in  a  nut  secured  to  the  hub  of  the 
wheel,  E,  the  nut  being  free  to  turn  in  a 
bearing  in  the  shorter  standard,  but  prevent- 
ed by  the  bearing  from  any  lateral  motion. 
The  screw-shaft  is  secured  in  the  wheel,  D. 
The  driving-shaft.  A,  carries  two  pinions, 
F  and  B.  If  these  pinions  were  of  such 
size  as  to  turn  the  two  wheels,  D  and  E, 
witii  an  equal  velocity,  the  screw  would  re- 
main at  rest ;  but  the  said  wheels  being 
driven  at  unequal  velocities,  the  screw  tra- 
vels according  to  the  difference  of  velocity. 


66 


Mechanical  Movements. 


261 


265 


266 


K I  ^  '  I 


2ff7 


268 


269 


26 1.  A  combination  movement,  in  which 
the  weigJit,  W,  moves  vertically  with  a 
reciprocating  movement ;  the  down-stroke 
being  shorter  than  the  up-stroke.  B  is  a 
revolving  disk,  carrying  a  drum  which  winds 
round  itself  the  cord,  D.  An  arm,  C,  is 
jointed  to  the  disk  and  to  the  upper  arm,  A, 
so  that  when  the  disk  revolves  the  arm,  A, 
moves  up  and  down,  vibrating  on  the  point, 
G.  This  arm  carries  with  it  the  pulley,  E. 
Suppose  we  detach  the  cord  from  the  drum 
and  tie  it  to  a  fixed  point,  and  then  move  the 
arm,  A,  up  and  down,  the  weight,  VV,  will 
move  the  same  distance,  and  in  addition  the 
movement  given  to  it  by  the  cord,  that  is  to 
say,  the  movement  will  be  doubled.  Now 
let  us  attach  the  cord  to  the  drum  and  re- 
volve the  disk,  B,  and  the  weight  will  move 
vertically  with  the  reciprocating  motion,  in 
which  the  down-stroke  will  be  shorter  than 
the  up-stroke,  because  the  drum  is  continu- 
ally taking  up  the  cord.  | 

262  and  263.  The  first  of  these  figures  is 
an  end  view,  and  the  second  a  side  view,  of  an  j 
arrangement  of  mechanism  for  obtaining  a  I 
series  of  changes  of  velocity  and  direction.  | 
D  is  a  screw  on  which  is  placed  eccentrically  ' 
the  cone,  B,  and  C  is  a  friction-roller  which  i 
is  pressed  against  the  cone  by  a  spring  or 
weight.     Continuous  rotary  motion,  at  a  uni-  j 
form  velocity,  of  the  screw,  D,  carrying  the 
eccentric  cone,  gives  a  series  of  changes  of  j 
velor'ty  and  direction  to  the  roller,  C.     It 
will  be  understood  that  during  every  revolu- 
tion  of    the   cone   the   roller   would   press 
against  a  different  part  of  the  cone,  and  that 
it  would  describe  thereon  a  spiral  of  the 
same  pitch  as  the  screw,  D.     The  roller,  C, 
would  receive  a  reciprocating  motion,  the 
movement   in  one  direction  being  shorter 
than  that  in  the  other. 


!  264.  Two  worm-wheels  of  equal  diameter, 
but  one  having  one  tooth  more  than  the 
other,  both  in  gear  with  the  same  worm. 
Suppose  the  first  wheel  has  100  teeth  and 
the  second  loi,  one  wheel  will  gain  one  re- 
volution over  the  other  during  the  passage 
of  100  X  loi  teeth  of  either  wheel  across 
the  plane  of  centers,  or  during  10,100  revo- 
lutions of  the  worm. 


265.  Variable  motion.  Iftheconicaldrum 
has  a  regular  circular  motion,  and  the  fric- 
tion-roller is  made  to  traverse  lengthwise,  a 
variable  rotary  motion  of  the  friction-roller 
will  be  obtained. 


266.  The  shaft  has  two  screws  of  different 
pitches  cut  on  it,  one  .screwing  into  a  fixed 
bearing,  and  the  other  into  a  bearing  free  to 
move  to  and  fro.  Rotary  motion  of  the 
shaft  gives  rectilinear  motion  to  the  mova- 
ble bearing,  a  distance  equal  to  the  difference 
of  pitches,  at  each  revolution. 


267.  Friction  pulley.  When  the  rim  turns 
in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  arrow,  it 
gives  motion  to  the  shaft  by  means  of  the 
pivoted  eccentric  arms  ;  but  when  it  turns 
in  the  direction  of  the  arrow,  the  arms  turn 
on  their  pivots  and  the  shaft  is  at  rest.  The 
arms  are  held  to  the  rim  by  springs. 


268.  Circular  into  reciprocating  motion 
by  means  of  a  crank  and  oscillating  rod. 

269.  Continued  rectilinear  movement  of 
the  frame  with  mutilated  racks  gives  an 
alternate  rotary  motion  to  the  spur-gear. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


69 


270.  Anti-friction  bearing  for  a  pulley. 


the  bar.     The  cam  is  of  equal  diameter  in 
every  direction  measured  across  its  center. 


271.  On  vibrating  the  lever  to  which  the 
two  pawls  are  attached,  a  nearly  continuous 
rectilinear  motion  is  given  to  the  ratchet- 
bar. 

272.  Rotary  motion  of  the  beveled  disk 
cam  gives  a  reciprocating  rectilinear  motion 
to  the  rod  bearing  on  its  circumference. 

273.  Rectilinear  into  rectilinear  motion. 
When  the  rods,  A  and  B,  are  brought  to- 
gether, the  rods,  C  and  D,  are  thrust  further 

apart,  and  vice  versa. 

274.  An  engine-governor.  The  rise  and 
fall  of  the  balls,  K,  are  guided  by  the  para- 
bolic curved  arms,  B,  on  which  the  anti- 
friction wheels,  L,  run.  The  rods,  F,  con- 
necting the  wheels,  L,  with  the  sleeve  move 
it  up  and  down  the  spindle,  C,  D. 

275.  Rotary  motion  of  the  worm  gives  a 
rectilinear  motion  to  the  rack. 

276.  Continuous  rotary  motion  of  the  cam 
gives  a  reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  to 


277.  Col.  Colt's  invention  for  obtaining 
the  movement  of  the  cylinder  of  a  revolving 
fire-arm  by  the  act  of  cocking  the  hammer. 
As  the  hammer  is  drawn  back  to  cock  it,  the 
dog,  a,  attached  to  the  tumbler,  acts  on  the 
ratchet,  b,  on  the  back  of  the  cylinder.  The 
dog  is  held  up  to  the  ratchet  by  a  spring,  c. 

278.  C.  R.  Otis's  safety-stop  for  the  plat- 
form of  a  hoisting  apparatus.  A  are  the 
stationary  uprights,  and  B  is  the  upper  part 
of  the  platform  working  between  them. 
The  rope,  a,  by  which  the  platform  is  hoisted, 
is  attached  by  a  pin,  ^,  and  spring,  r,  and  the 
pin  is  connected  by  two  elbow  levers  with 
two  pawls,  d,  wiiich  work  in  ratchets  secured 
to  the  uprights,  A.  The  weight  of  the  plat- 
form and  the  tension  of  the  rope  keep  the 
pawls  out  of  gear  from  the  ratchets  in  hoist- 
ing or  lowering  the  platform,  but  in  case  of 
the  breakage  of  rope  the  spring,  c,  presses 
down  the  pin,  b,  and  the  attached  ends  of 
the  levers,  and  so  presses  the  pawls  into  the 
ratchets  and  stops  the  descent  of  the  plat- 
form. 


70 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


71 


279.  Crank  and  slotted  cross-head,  with 
Cbyton's  sliding  journal-box  applied  to  the 
crank-wrist.  This  box  consists  of  two  ta- 
per lining  pieces  and  two  taper  gibs  adjust- 
able by  screws,  which  serve  at  the  same 
time  to  tighten  the  box  on  the  wrist  and  to 
set  it  out  to  the  slot  in  the  cross-head  as  the 
box  and  wrist  wear. 

280.  A  mode  of  working  a  windlass.  By 
the  alternating  motion  of  the  long  hand- 
lever  to  the  right,  motion  is  communicated 
to  the  short  lever,  the  end  of  which  is  in 
immediate  contact  with  the  rim  of  the 
wheel.  The  short  lever  has  a  very  limited 
motion  upon  a  pin,  which  is  fixed  in  a  block 
of  cast-iron,  which  is  made  with  two  jaws, 
eacli  havijig  a  flange  projecting  inward  in 
contact  with  the  inner  surface  of  the  rim  of 
the  wheel.  By  the  uiDward  motion  of  the 
outward  end  of  the  short  lever,  the  rim  of 
the  wheel  is  jammed  between  the  end  of  the 
lever  and  the  flanges  of  the  block,  so  as  to 
cause  friction  sufficient  to  turn  the  wheel  by 
the  t'urther  upward  movement  of  the  lever. 
The  backward  movement  of  the  wheel  is 
prevented  by  a  common  ratchet-wheel  and 
pawls  ;  as  the  short  lev^r  is  pushed  down  it 
frees  the  wheel  and  slides  freely  over  it. 

i  281.  The  revolution  of  the  disk  causes  the 

lever  at  the  right  to  vibrate  by  the  pin  mov- 
ing in  the  groove  in  the  face  of  the  disk. 

282.  By  the  revolution  of  the  disk  in  which 
is  fixed  a  pin  working  in  a  slot  in  the  upright 
bar  which  turns  on  a  centei  near  the  bottom, 
both  ends  of  the  bar  are  made  to  traverse, 
the  toothed  sector  producing  alternate  recti- 
linear motion  in  the  horizontal  bar  at  the 
j  bottom,  and  also  alternate  perpendicular 
motion  of  the  weight. 


283.  By  a  vibratory  motion  of  the  handle, 
motion  is  communicated  by  the  pinion  to 
the  racks.  This  is  used  in  working  small 
air  pumps  for  scientific  experiments. 

284.  Represents  a  feeding  apparatus  for 
the  bed  of  a  sawing  machine.  By  the  revo- 
lution of  the  crank  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
figure,  alternate  motion  is  communicated  to 
the  horizontal  arm  of  the  bell  crank  lever 
whose  fulcrum  is  at  a,  near  the  top  left-hand 
corner  of  the  figure.  By  this  means  motion 
is  communicated  to  the  catch  attached  to  the 
vertical  arm  of  the  lever,  and  the  said  catch 
communicates  motion  to  the  ratchet-wheel, 
upon  the  shaft  of  which  is  a  toothed  pinion, 
working  in  the  rack  attached  to  the  side  of 
the  carriage.  The  feed  is  varied  by  a  screw 
in  the  bell-crank  lever. 

285.  Is  the  movable  head  of  a  turning 
lathe.  By  turning  the  wheel  to  the  right, 
motion  is  communicated  to  the  screw,  pro- 
ducing rectilinear  motion  of  the  spindle  in 
the  end  of  which  the  center  is  fixed. 

286.  Toe  and  lifter  for  working  puppet 
valves  in  steam  engines.  The  curved  toe 
on  the  rock-shaft  operates  on  the  lifter  at- 
tached to  the  lifting-rod  to  raise  the  valve. 


287.  Pickering's  governor.  The  balls  are 
attached  to  springs  the  upper  end  of  each  of 
which  is  attached  to  a  collar  fixed  on  the 
spindle,  and  the  lower  end  to  a  collar  on  the 
sliding  sleeve.  The  springs  yield  in  a  proper 
degree  to  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  balls, 
and  raise  the  sleeve  ;  and  as  the  centrifugal 
force  diminishes,  they  draw  the  balls  toward 
the  spindle  and  depress  the  sleeve. 


^2 


Mechanical  Movements. 


288 


Z%9 


iavx^^ 


288  and  289.  The  former  is  what  is  termed  a 
recoil,  and  the  latter  a  repose  or  dead-beat  escape- 
ment for  clocks.  The  same  letters  of  reference 
indicate  like  parts  in  both.  The  afickor,  H,  L, 
K,  is  caused,  by  the  oscillation  of  the  pendulum, 
to  vibrate  upon  the  axis,  a.  Between  the  two  ex- 
tremities, or  pallets,  H,  K,  is  placed  the  escape- 
wheel,  A,  the  teeth  of  which  come  alternately 
against  the  outer  surface  of  the  pallet,  K,  and  in- 
ner surface  of  pallet,  H.  In  289  these  surfaces 
are  cut  to  a  curve  concentric  to  the  axis,  a  ;  con- 
sequently, during  the  time  one  of  the  teeth  is 
against  the  pallet  the  wheel  remains  perfectly  at 
rest.  Hence  the  name  repose  or  dead-beat.  In 
288  the  surfaces  are  of  a  differeent  form,  not  ne- 
cessary to  explain,  as  it  can  be  understood  that 
any  form  not  concentric  with  the  axis,  a,  must 
produce  a  slight  recoil  of  the  wheel  during  the 
escape  of  the  tooth,  and  hence  the  term  recoil  es- 
capement. On  the  pallets  leaving  teeth,  at  each 
oscillation  of  the  pendulum,  the  extremities  of 
teeth  slide  along  the  surfaces,  c,  e,  and  d,  b,  and 
give  sufficient  impulse  to  pendulum. 

290.  Another  kind  of  pendulum  escape- 
ment. 

291.  Arnold's  chronometer  or  free  escapement, 
sometimes  used  in  watches.  A  spring,  A,  is  fix- 
ed or  screwed  against  the  plate  of  the  watch  at  b. 
To  the  under  side  of  this  spring  is  attached  a 
small  stop,  d,  against  which  rest  successively  the 
teeth  of  the  escape-wheel,  B  ;  and  on  the  top  of 
spring  is  fixed  a  stud,  /,  holding  a  lighter  and 
more  flexible  spring  which  passes  under  a  hook, 
k,  at  the  eytremity  of  A,  so  that  it  is  free  on  being 
depressed,  but  in  rising  would  lift  A.  On  the 
axis  of  the  balance  is  a  small  stud,  a,  which 
touches  the  thin  spring  at  each  oscillation  of  bal- 
ance-wheel. When  the  movement  is  in  the  direc- 
tion shown  by  the  arrow,  the  stud  depresses  the 
spring  in  passing,  but  on  returning  raises  it  and 
the  spring.  A,  and  stop,  d,  and  thus  allows  one 
tooth  of  escape-wheel  to  pass,  letting  them  fall 
immediately  to  arrest  the  next.  At  the  same 
time,  that  this  tooth  escapes  another  strikes 
against  the  side  of  the  notch,  g,  and  restores  to 


balance-wheel  the  force  lost  during  a  vibration. 
It  will  be  understood  that  only  at  one  point  is  the 
free  movement  of  balance  opposed  during  an  os- 
cillation. 

292.  Stud  escapement,  used  in  large  clocks. 
One  pallet,  B,  works  in  front  of  the  wheel  and 
the  other  at  the  back.  The  studs  are  arranged 
in  the  same  manner,  and  rest  alternately  upon 
the  front  or  back  pallet.  As  the  curve  of  the 
])allets  is  an  arc  described  from  F,  this  is  a  repose 
or  dead-beat  escapement. 

293.  Duplex  escapement,  for  watches,  so  called 
from  partaking  of  the  characters  of  the  spur  and 
crown  wheels.  The  axis  of  balance  carries  pallet, 
B,  which  at  every  oscillation  receives  an  impulse 
from  the  crown  teeth.  In  the  axis.  A,  of  balance- 
wheel  is  cut  a  notch  into  which  the  teeth  round 
the  edge  of  the  wheel  successively  fall  after  each 
one  of  tlje  crown  teeth  passes  the  impulse  pallet, 
B. 

294  and  295.  A  cylinder  escapement.  294 
shows  the  cylinder  in  perspective,  and  295  shows 
part  of  the  escape-wheel  on  a  large  scale,  and  re- 
presents the  different  positions  taken  by  cyl- 
inder, A,  B,  during  an  oscillation.  The  pallets, 
a,  b,  c,  on  the  wheel  rest  alternately  on  the  inside 
and  outside  of  cylinder.  To  the  top  of  cylinder 
is  attached  the  balance-wheel.  The  wheel  pallets 
are  beveled  so  as  to  keep  up  the  impulse  of  bal- 
ance by  sliding  against  the  beveled  edge  of  cylin- 
der. 

296.  Lever  escapement.  The  anchor  or  piece, 
B,  which  carries  the  pallets,  is  attached  to  lever, 
E,  C,  at  one  end  of  which  is  a  notch,  E.  On  a 
disk  secured  on  the  arbor  of  balance  is  fixed  a 
small  pin  which  enters  the  notch  at  the  middle 
of  each  vibration,  causing  the  pallet  to  enter  in 
and  retire  from  between  the  teeth  of  escape -wheel 
The  wheel  gives  an  impulse  to  each  of  the  pallets 
alternately  as  it  leaves  a  tooth,  and  the  lever 
gives  impulse  to  the  balance-wheel  in  opposite 
directions  alternately. 


74 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


75 


297.  An  escapement  with  a  lantern  wheel. 
An  arm,  A,  carries  the  two  pallets,  B  and  C. 


298.  An  old-fashioned  watch  escapement. 


299.  An  old-fashioned  clock  escapement. 


300  and  301.  A  clock  or  watch  escape- 
ment ;  300  being  a  front  elevation,  and  301 
a  side  elevation.  The  pallet  is  acted  upon 
by  the  teeth  of  one  and  the  other  of  two 
escape-wheels  alternately. 


face  of  D,  are  concentric  with  the  axis  on 
which  the  pallets  vibrate,  and  hence  there 
is  no  recoU. 


304.  Pin-wheel  escapement,  somewhat 
resembling  the  stud  escapement  shown  by 
292.  The  pins.  A,  B,  of  the  escape- 
wheel  are  of  two  different  forms,  but  the 
form  of  tliose  on  the  right  side  is  the  best. 
One  advantage  of  this  kind  of  escapement 
is  that  if  one  of  the  pins  is  damaged  ir  can 
easily  be  replaced,  wliereas  if  a  tooth  is 
damaged  the  whole  wheel  is  ruined. 


302.  Balance-wheel  escapement.    C  is  the        305.  A  single-pin  pendulum  escapement. 


balance  ;    A,  B,  are  the  pallets  ;  and  D  is 
the  escape-wheel. 


The  escape-wheel  is  a  very  small  disk  with 
single  eccentric  pin  ;  it  makes  half  a  revolu- 
tion for  every  beat  of  the  pendulum,  giving 
the  impulse  on  the  upright  faces  of  the  pal- 
303.  A  dead-beat  pendulum  escapement,  lets,  the  horizontal  faces  of  which  are  dead 
The  inner  face  of  the  pallet,  E,  and  outer  \  ones.     This  can  also  be  adapted  to  watches. 


76 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


17 


306.  Three-legged  pendulum  escapement. 
The  pallets  are  formed  in  an  opening  in  a 
plate  attached  to  the  pendulum,  and  the 
three  teeth  of  the  escape-wheel  operate  on 
the  upper  and  lower  pallets  alternately. 
One  tooth  is  shown  in  operation  on  the 
upper  pallet. 


307.  A  modification  of  the  above  with 
long  stopping  teeth,  D  and  E.  A  and  B 
are  the  pallets. 


308.  A  detached  pendulum  escapement, 
leaving  the  pendulum,  P,  free  or  detached 
from  the  escape-wheel,  except  at  the  time  of 
receiving  the  impulse  and  unlocking  the 
wheel.  There  is  but  one  pallet,  I,  which 
receives  impulse  only  during  the  vibrations 
of  the  pendulum  to  the  left.  The  lever,  O, 
locks  the  escape-wheel  until  just  before  the 
time  for  giving  the  impulse,  when  it  is  un- 
locked by  the  click,  C,  attached  to  the  pen- 
dulum. As  the  pendulum  returns  to  the 
right,  the  click,  which  oscillates  on  a  pivot, 
will  be  pushed  aside  by  the  lever. 


raises  one  of  the  weighted  pallets  out  of  the 
wheel  at  each  vibration.  When  the  pendu- 
lum returns  the  pallet  falls  with  it,  and  the 
weight  of  the  pallet  gives  the  impulse. 


The  lifting  of  the  pallets,  A  and  B,  is  done 
by  the  three  pins  near  the  center  of  the 
escape-wheel,  the  pallets  vibrating  from  two 
centers  near  the  point  of  suspension  of  the 
pendulum.  The  escape-wheel  is  locked  by 
means  of  stops,  D  and  E,  on  the  pallets. 


311.  Double  three-legged  gravity  escape- 
ment. Two  locking-wheels.  A,  B,  C,  and 
a,  b,  c,  are  here  used  with  one  set  of  lifting- 
pins  between  them.  The  two  wheels  are 
set  wide  enough  apart  to  allow  the  pallets 
to  lie  between  them.  The  teeth  of  the  first- 
mentioned  locking-wheel  are  stopped  by  a 
stop-tooth,  D,  on  one  pallet,  and  those  of 
the  other  one  by  a  stop-tooth,  E,  on  the 
other  pallet. 


312.  Bloxam's  gravity  escapement.     The 

I  pallets  are  lifted  alternately  by  the  small 

309.  Mudge's  gravity  escapement.     The  \  wheel,  and  the  stopping  is  done  by  the  ac- 

pallets.  A,  B,  instead  of  being  on  one  arbor,  ■•■  tion  of  the  stops,  A  and  B,  on  the  larger 

are  on  two,  as  shown  at  C.     The  pendulum    wheel.     E  and  F  are  the  fork-pins  which 

plays  between  the  fork-pins,  P,  O,  and  so  \  embrace  the  pendulum, 


78 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


79 


313.  Chronometer  escapement,  the  form  now  commonly 
constructed.  As  the  balance  rotates  in  the  direction  of  the 
arrow,  the  tooth,  V,  on  the  verge,  presses  the  passing- 
spring  against  the  lever,  pressing  aside  the  lever  and  re- 
moving the  detent  from  the  tooth  of  the  escape-wheel.  As 
balance  returns,  tooth,  V,  presses  aside  and  passes  spring 
without  moving  lever,  which  then  rests  against  the  stop,  E. 
P  is  the  only  pallet  upon  which  impulse  is  given. 

314.  Lever  chronometer  escapement.  In  this  the  pallets, 
A,  B,  and  lever,  look  like  those  of  the  lever  escapement 
296 :  but  these  pallets  only  lock  the  escape-wheel,  hav- 
ing no  impulse.  Impulse  is  given  by  teeth  of  escape-wheel 
directly  to  a  pallet,  C,  attached  to  balance. 

315.  Conical  pendulum,  hung  by  a  thin  piece  of  round 
wire.  Lower  end  connected  with  and  driven  in  a  circle  by 
an  arm  attached  to  a  vertical  rotating  spindle.  The  pendu- 
lum-rod describes  a  cone  in  its  revolution. 

316.  Mercurial  compensation  pendulum.  A  glass  jar  of 
mercury  is  used  for  the  bob  or  weight.  As  the  pendulum- 
rod  is  expanded  lengthwise  by  increased  temperature,  the 
expansion  of  mercury  in  jar  carries  it  to  a  greater  height 
therein,  and  so  raises  its  center  of  gravity  relatively  to  the 
rod  sufficiently  to  compensate  for  downward  expansion  of 
the  rod.  As  rod  is  contracted  by  a  reduction  of  tempera- 
ture, coiUraction  of  mercury  lowers  it  relatively  to  rod.  In 
this  way  the  center  of  oscillation  is  always  kept  in  the  same 
place,  and  the  effective  length  of  pendulum  always  the 
same. 

317.  Compound  bar  compensation  pendulum.  C  is  a 
compound  bar  of  brass  and  iron  or  steel,  brazed  together 
with  brass  downward.  As  brass  expands  more  than  iron, 
the  bar  will  bend  upward  as  it  gels  warmer,  and  carry  the 
weights,  W,  W,  up  witlv,it,  raising  the  center  of  the  aggre- 
gate weight,  M,  W,  to  raise  the  center  of  oscillation  as 
much  as  elongation  of  the  pendulum-rod  would  let  it 
down. 

318.  Watch  regulator.  The  balance-spring  is  attached 
at  its  outer  end  to  a  fixed  stud,  R,  and  at  its  inner  end  to 
staff  of  balance.  A  neutral  point  is  formed  in  the  spring 
at  P  by  inserting  it  between  two  curb-pins  in  the  lever, 
which  is  fitted  to  turn  on  a  fixed  ring  concentric  with  staff 
of  balance,  and  the  spring  only  vibrates  between  this  neu- 
tral point  and  staflf  of  balance.    By  moving  lever  to  the 


right,  the  curb-pins  are  made  to  reduce  the  length  of  acting 
part  of  spring,  and  the  vibrations  of  balance  are  made 
faster ;  and  by  moving  it  to  the  left  an  opposite  eflfect  is 
produced. 

319.  Compensation  balance.  /,  a,  f,  is  the  main  bar  of 
balance,  with  timing  screws  for  regulation  at  the  ends,  t 
and  t'  are  two  compound  bars,  of  whicli  the  outside  is 
brass  and  the  inside  steel,  carrying  weights,  b,  b'.  As  heat 
increases,  these  bars  are  bent  inward  by  the  greater  expan- 
sion of  the  brass,  and  the  weights  are  thus  drawn  inward, 
diminishing  the  inertia  of  the  balance.  As  the  heat  dimi- 
nishes, an  opposite  effect  is  produced.  This  balance  com- 
pensates both  for  its  own  expansion  and  contraction,  and 
that  of  the  balance-spring. 

320.  Endless  chain,  maintaining  power  on  going-barrel, 
to  keep  a  clock  going  wliile  winding,  during  which  opera- 
tion the  action  of  the  weight  or  niain-spring  is  taken  off  the 
barrel.  The  wheel  to  the  right  is  the  "going-wheel,"  and 
that  to  the  left  the  "striking-wheel."  P  is  a  pulley  fixed 
to  the  great  wheel  of  the  going  part,  and  roughened,  to 
prevent  a  rope  or  chain  hung  over  it  from  slipping.  A 
similar  pulley  rides  on  another  aibor,/t,  which  may  be  the 
arbor  of  the  great  wheel  of  the  striking  part,  and  attached 
by  a  ratchet  and  click  to  that  wheel,  or  to  clock-frame,  if 
there  is  no  striking  part.  The  weights  are  hung,  as  may 
be  seen,  the  small  one  being  only  large  engugh  to  keep  the 
rope  or  chain  on  the  pulleys.  If  the  part,  1^,  of  the  rope 
or  chain  is  pulled  down,  the  ratciiet-pulley  runs  under  the 
click,  and  the  great  weight  is  pulled  up  by  c,  without  tak- 
ing its  pressure  off  the  going-wheel  at  all. 

321.  Harrison's  "going-barrel."  Larger  ratchet-wheel, 
to  which  the  click,  R,  is  attached,  is  connected  with  the 
great  wheel,  G,  by  a  spring,  S,  S'.  While  the  clock  is 
going,  the  weight  acts  upon  the  great  wheel,  G,  through 
the  spring  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  weight  is  taken  off  by  wind- 
ing, the  click,  T,  whose  pivot  is  set  in  the  frame,  prevents 
the  larger  ratchet  from  falling  back,  and  so  the  spring, 
S,  S',  still  drives  the  great  wheel  during  the  time  the  clock 
takes  to  wind,  as  it  need  only  just  keep  the  escapement 
going,  the  pendulum  taking  care  of  itself  for  that  short 
time.  Good  watches  have  a  substantially  similar  appa- 
ratus. 


8o 


Mechanical  MovemkntS. 


322.  A  very  convenient  construction  of 
parallel  ruler  for  drawing,  made  by  cutting 
a  quadrangle  through  the  diagonal,  forming 
two  right-angled  triangles,  A  and  B.  It  is 
used  by  sliding  the  hypothenuse  of  one  tri- 
angle upon  that  of  the  other. 

323.  Parallel  ruler  consisting  of  a  simple 
straight  ruler,  B,  with  an  attached  axie;  C, 
and  pair  of  wheels,  A,  A.  The  wheels, 
which  protrude  but  slightly  through  the  un- 
der side  of  the  ruler,  have  their  edges 
nicked  to  take  hold  of  the  paper  and  keep 
the  ruler  always  parallel  with  any  lines 
drawn  upon  it. 

324.  Compound  parallel  ruler,  composed 
of  two  simple  rulers,  A,  A,  connected  by 
two  crossed  arms  pivoted  together  at  the 
middle  of  their  length,  each  pivoted  at  one 
end  to  one  of  the  rulers,  and  connected 
with  the  other  one  by  a  slot  and  sliding-pin, 
as  shown  at  B.  In  this  the  ends  as  well  as 
the  edges  are  kept  parallel.  The  principle 
of  construction  of  the  several  rulers  repre- 
sented is  taken  advantage  of  in  the  forma- 
tion of  some  parts  of  machinery. 

325.  Parallel  ruler  composed  of  two  sim- 
ple rulers,  A,  B,  connected  by  two  pivoted 
swinging  arms,  C,  C. 

326.  A  simple  means  of  guiding  or  ob- 
taining a  parallel  motion  of  the  piston-rod 
of  an  engine.     The  slide,  A,  moves  in  and 


is  guided  by  the  vertical  slot  in. the  frame, 
which  is  planed  to  a  true  surface. 

327.  Differs  from  326  in  having  rollers 
substituted  for  the  slides  on  the  cross-head, 
said  rollers  working  against  straight  guide- 
bars,  A,  A,  attached  to  the  frame.  This  is 
used  for  small  engines  in  France. 

328.  A  parallel  motion  invented  by  Dr. 
Cartwright  in  the  year  1787.  The  toothed 
wheels,  C,  C,  have  equal  diameters  and 
numbers  of  teeth  ;  and  the  cranks,  A,  A, 
have  equal  radii,  and  are  set  in  opposite 
directions,  and  consequently  give  an  equal 
obliquity  to  the  connecting-rods  during  the 
revolution  of  the  wheels.  The  cross-head 
on  the  piston-rod  being  attached  to  the  two 
connecting-rods,  the  piston-rod  is  caused  to 
move  in  a  right  line. 

329.  A  piston-rod  guide.  The  piston-rod, 
A,  is  connected  with  a  wrist  attached  to  a 
cog-wheel,  B,  which  turns  on  a  crank-pin, 
carried  by  a  plate,  C,  which  is  fast  on  the 
shaft.  The  wheel,  B,  revolves  around  a 
stationary  internally  toothed  gear,  D,  of 
double  the  diameter  of  B,  and  so  motion  is 
given  to  the  crank-pin,  and  the  piston-rod 
is  kept  upright. 

220-  The  piston-rod  is  prolonged  and 
works  in  a  guide,  A,  which  is  in  line  with 
the  center  of  the  cylinder.  The  lower  part 
of  the  connecting-rod  is  forked  to  permit 
the  upper  part  of  the  piston-rod  to  pass 
between. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


83 


331.  An  engine  with  crank  motion  like  336.  An  arrangement  of  parallel  motion 
that  represented  in  93  and  279  of  this  for  side  lever  marine  engines.  The  jjaral- 
table,  the  crank -wrist  journal  working  in  a  |  lei  rods  connected  with  the  side  rods  from 


slotted  cross-head,  A.  This  cross-head 
works  between  the  pillar  guides,  D,  D,  of 
the  engine  framing. 

332.  A  parallel  motion  used  for  the  pis- 
ton-rod of  side  lever  marine  engines.  F,  C, 
is  the  radiuS  bar,  and  E  the  cross-head  to 
which  the  parallel  bar,  E,  D,  is  attached. 

333.  A  parallel  motion  used  only  in  par- 
ticular cases. 

334.  Shows  a  parallel  motion  used  in 
some  of  the  old  single-acting  beam  engines. 
The  piston-rod  is  formed  with  a  straight 
rack  gearmg  with  a  toothed  segment  on 
the  beam.  The  back  of  the  rack  works 
against  a  roller,  A. 

335.  A  parallel  motion  commonly  used 
for  stationary  beam  engines. 


the  beams  or  side  levers  are  also  connected 
with  short  radius  arms  on  a  rock-shaft 
working  in  fixed  bearings. 

;i27-  Parallel  motion  in  which  the  radius 
rod  is  connected  with  the  lower  end  of  a 
short  vibrating  rod,  the  upper  end  of  which 
is  connected  with  the  beam,  and  to  the  cen- 
ter of  which  the  piston-rod  is  connected. 


338.  Another  modification,  in  which  the 
radius  bar  is  placed  above  the  beam. 


339.  Parallel  motion  for  direct  action  en- 
gines. In  this,  the  end  of  the  bar,  B,  C,  is 
connected  with  the  piston-rod,  and  the  end, 
B,  slides  ir.  a  fixed  slot,  D.  The  radius 
bar,  F,  A,  is  connected  at  F  with  a  fixed 
pivot,  and  at  A,  midway  between  the  ends 
of  B,  C. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


85 


340.  Another  parallel  motion.  Beam,  D,  C, 
with  joggling  pillar-support,  B,  F,  which  vi- 
brates from  the  center,  F.  The  piston-rod 
is  connected  at  C.  The  radius-bar,  E,  A, 
produces  the  parallel  motion. 

341.  "Grasshopper"  beam  engine.  The 
beam  is  attached  at  one  end  to  a  rock- 
ing-pillar,  A,  and  the  shaft  arranged  as  near 
to  the  cylinder  as  the  crank  will  work.  B 
is  the  radius-bar  of  the  parallel  motion. 

342.  Old  -  fashioned  single -acting  beam 
pumping  engine  on  the  atmospheric  prin- 
ciple, with  chain  connection  between  piston- 
rod  and  a  segment  at  end  of  beam.  The 
cylinder  is  open  at  top.  Very  low  pressure 
steam  is  admitted  below  piston,  and  the 
weight  of  pump-rod,  etc.,  at  the  other  end 
of  beam,  helps  to  raise  piston.  Steam  is 
then  condensed  by  injection,  and  a  vacuum 
thus  produced  below  piston,  which  is  then 
forced  down  by  atmospheric  pressure  there- 
by drawing  up  purhp-rod. 

343.  Parallel  motion  for  upright  engine. 
A,  A,  are  radius-rods  connected  at  one  end 
with  the  framing  and  at  the  other  with  a 
vibrating  piece  on  top  of  2:)istqn-rod. 

344.  Oscillating  engine.  The  cylinder 
has  trunnions  at  the  middle  of  its  length 
working  in  fixed  bearings,  and  the  piston- 
rod  is  connected  directly  with  the  crank,  and 
no  guides  are  used. 

345.  Inverted  oscillating  or  pendulum  en- 


girie.  The  cylinder  has  trunnions  at  its 
upper  end  and  swings  like  a  pendulum. 
The  crank-shaft  is  below,  and  the  piston- 
rod  connected  directly  with  crank. 

346.  Table  engine.  The  cylinder  is  fixed 
on  a  table-like  base.  The  piston-rod  has 
a  cross-head  working  in  straight  slotted 
guides  fixed  on  top  of  cylinder,  and  is  con- 
nected by  two  side  connecting-rods  with 
two  parallel  cranks  on  shaft  under  the 
table. 

347.  Section  of  disk  engine.  Disk  piston, 
seen  edgewise,  has  a  motion  substantially 
like  a  coin  when  it  first  falls  after  being 
spun  in  the  air.  The  cylinder-heads  are 
cones.  The  piston-rod  is  made  with  a  ball 
to  which  the  disk  is  attached,  ""said  ball 
working  in  concentric  seats  in  cylinder- 
heads,  and  the  left-hand  end  is  attached 
to  the  crank-arm  or  fly-wheel  on  end  of 
shaft  at  left.  Steam  is  admitted  alternately 
on  either  side  of  piston. 

348.  Mode  of  obtaining  two  reciprocating 
movements  of  a  rod  by  one  revolution  of  a 
shaft,  patented  in  1836  by  B.  F.  Snyder, 
has  been  used  for  operating  the  needle  of 
a  sewing  machine,  by  J.  S.  McCurdy,  also 
for  driving  a  gang  of  saws.  The  disk,  A, 
on  the  central  rotating  shaft  has  two  slots, 
a,  a^  crossing  each  other  at  a  right  angle  in 
the  center,  and  the  connecting-rod,  B,  has 
attached  to  it  two  pivoted  slides,  c,  c,  one 
working  in  each  slot. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


87 


349.  Another  form  of  parallel  ruler.  The 
arms  are  jointed  in  the  middle  and  con- 
nected with  an  intermediate  bar,  by  which 
means  the  ends  of  the  ruler,  as  well  as  the 
sides,  are  kept  parallel. 

350.  Traverse  or  to-and-fro  motion.  The 
pin  in  the  upper  slot  being  stationary,  and 
the  one  in  the  lower  slot  made  to  move  in 
the  direction  of  the  horizontal  dotted  line, 
the  lever  will  by  its  connection  with  the  bar 
give  to  the  latter  a  traversing  motion  in  its 
guides,  a,  a. 

351.  Stamp.  Vertical  percussive  falls  de- 
rived from  horizontal  rotating  shaft.  The 
mutilated  toothed  pinion  acts  upon  the  rack 
to  raise  the  rod  until  its  teeth  leave  the  rack 
and  allow  the  rod  to  fall. 

352.  Another  arrangement  of  the  Chinese 
windlass  illustrated  by  129  of  this  table. 

353.  A  modification  of  the  tilt  or  trip 
hammer,  illustrated  by  74.  In  this  the 
hammer  helve  is  a  lever  of  the  first  order. 
In  74  it  is  a  lever  of  the  third  order. 

354.  A  modification  of  the  crank  and  slot- 
ted cross-head,  93.  The  cross-head  con- 
tains an  endless  groove  in  which  the  crank- 
wiist  works,  and  which  is  formed  to  produce 
a  uniform  velocity  of  movement  of  the  wrist 
or  reciprocating-rod. 

355.  The  gyroscope  or  rotascope,  an  in- 
strument illustrating  the  tendency  of  rotat- 
ing bodies  to  preserve  their  plane  of  rota- 
tion. The  spindle  of  the  metallic  disk,  C, 
is  fitted  to  turn  easily  in  bearings  in  the 
ring,  A.  If  the  disk  is  set  in  rapid  -rotary 
motion  on  its  axis,  and  the  pintle,  F,  at  one 
side  of  the  ring.  A,  is  placed  on  the  bearing 
in  the  top  of  the  pillar,  G,  the  disk  and  ring 
seem  indifferent  to  gravity,  and  instead  of 
dropping  begin  to  revolve  about  the  vertical 


356.  Bohnenberger's  machine  illustra- 
ting the  same  tendency  of  rotating  bodies. 
This  consists  of  three  rings,  A,  A',  A", 
placed  one  within  the  other  and  connected 
by  pivots   at   right   angles    to   each  other. 

!  The  smallest  ring,  A%  contains  the  bear- 

1  ings  for  the  axis  of  a  heavy  ball,  B.  The 
ball  being  set  in  rapid  rotation,  its  axis  will 
continue  in  the  same  direction,  no  matter 
how  the  position  of  the  rings  may  be 
altered  ;    and  the  ring,  A^,  which  supports 

i  it  will  resist  a  considerable  pressure  tend- 

I  ing  to  displace  it. 

357.  What  is  called  the  gyroscope  gover- 
nor, for  steam   engines,  etc.,  patented   by 

]  Alban  Anderson  in  1858.  A  is  a  heavy 
wheel,  the  axle,  B,  B',  of  which  is  made  in 
i  two  pieces  connected  together  by  a  univer- 
\  sal  joint.  The  wheel.  A,  is  on  one  piece,  B, 
and  a  pinion,  I,  on  the  other  piece,  13'.  The 
piece,  B,  is  connected  at  its  middle  by  a 
hinge  joint  with  the  revolving  frame,  H, 
-SO  that  variations  in  the  inclination  of  the 
wheel,  A,  will  cause  the  outer  end  of  the 
piece,  B,  to  rise  and  fall.  The  frame,  H,  is 
driven  by  bevel  gearing  from  the  engine, 
and  by  that  means  the  pinion,  I,  is  carried 
round  the  stationary  toothed  circle,  G.  and 
the  wheel.  A,  is  thus  made  to  receive  a  rapid 
rotary  motion  on  its  axis.  When  the  frame, 
H,  and  wheel.  A,  are  in  motion,  the  ten- 
dency of  the  wheel.  A,  is  to  assume  a  verti- 
cal position,  but  this  tendency  is  opposed 
by  a  spring,  L.  The  greater  the  velocity 
of  the  governor,  the  stronger  is  the  tendency 
above  mentioned,  and  the  more  it  overcomes 
the  force  of  the  spring,  and  vice  versa.  The 
piece,  B,  is  connected  with  the  valve-rod 
by  rods,  C,  D,  and  the  spring,  L,  is  con- 
nected with  the  said  rod  by  levers,  N,  and 
rod,  P. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


89 


358.  Traverse  of  carriage,  made  variable 
by  fusee  according  to  the  variation  in  di- 
ameter where  the  band  acts. 


359.  Primitive  drilling  apparatus.  Being 
once  set  in  motion,  it  is  kept  going  by  hand, 
by  alternately  pressing  down  and  relieving 
the  transverse  bar  to  which  the  bands  are 
attached,  causing  the  bands  to  wind  upon 
the  spindle  alternately  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, while  the  heavy  disk  or  fly-wheel 
gives  a  steady  momentum  to  the  drill-spin- 
dle in  its  rotary  motion. 


360.  Continuous  rotary  motion  from  os- 
cillating. The  beam  being  made  to  vibrate, 
the  drum  to  which  the  cord  is  attached, 
working  loose  on  fly-wheel  shaft,  gives  mo- 
tion to  said  shaft  through  the  pawl  and 
ratchet-wheel,  the  pawl  being  attached  to 
drum  and  the  ratchet-wheel  fa!st  on  shaft. 


362.  Alternating  traverse  of  upper  shaft 
and  its  drum,  produced  by  pin  on  the  end 
of  the  shaft  working  in  oblique  groove  in 
the  lower  cylinder. 


^6^.  See-saw,  one  pf  the  simplest  illus- 
trations of  a  limited  oscillating  or  alternate 
circular  motion. 


364.  Intermittent  rotary  motion  from  con- 
tinuous rotary  motion  about  an  axis  at  right 
angles.  Small  wheel  on  left  is  driver  ;  and 
the  friction  rollers  on  its  radial  studs  work 
against  the  faces  of  oblique  grooves  or  pro- 
jections across  the  face  of  the  larger  wheel, 
and  impart  motion  thereto. 


365.  Cylindrical  rod  arranged  between 
!  two  rollers,  the  axes -of  which  are  oblique 
[  to  each  other.     The  rotation  of  the  rollers 

produces  both  a  longJtudin;>l  and  a  rotary 

motion  of  the  rod. 


361.  Another  simple  form  of  clutch  for 
pulleys,  consisting  of  a  pin  on  the  lower 
shaft  and  a  pin  on  side  of  pulley.  The  pul- 
ley is  moved  lengthwise  of  the  shaft  by 
means  of  a  lever  or  other  means  to  bring  bevel-gear  but  is  made  to  turn  with  it  by 
its  pin  into  or  out  of  contact  with  the  pin  on  :  a  feather  and  groove,  and  is  depressed  by 
shaft.  !  treadle  connected  with  upper  lever. 


366.  Drilling  machine.  By  the  large 
bevel-gear  rotary  motion  is  given  to  ver- 
tical drill-shaft,  which  slides  through  small 


90 


Mechanical  Movements. 


367.  A  parallel  ruler  with  which  lines 
may  be  drawn  at  required  distances  apart 
without  setting  out.  Lower  edge  of  upper 
blade  has  a  graduated  ivory  scale,  on  which 
the  incidence  of  the  outer  edge  of  the  brass 
arc  indicates  the  width  between  blades. 

368.  Describing  spiral  line  on  a  cylinder. 
The  spur-gear  which  drives  the  bevel-gears, 
and  thus  gives  rotary  motion  to  the  cylinder, 
also  gears  into  the  toothed  rack,  and  there- 
by causes  the  marking  point  to  traverse 
from  end  to  end  of  the  cylinder. 

369.  Cycloidal  surfaces,  causing  pendulum 
to  move  in  cycloidal  curve,  rendering  oscil- 
lations isochronous  or  equal-timed. 

370.  Motion  for  polishing  mirrors,  the 
rubbing  of  which  should  be  varied  as  much 
as  practicable.  The  handle  turns  the  crank 
to  which  the  long  bar  and  attached  ratchet- 
wheel  are  connected.  The  mirror  is  secur- 
ed rigidly  to  the  ratchet-wheel.  The  long 
bar,  which  is  guided  by  pins  in  the  lower 
rail,  has  both  a  longitudinal  and  an  oscillat- 
ing movement,  and  the  ratchet-wheel  is 
caused  to  rotate  intermittently  by  a  click 
operated  by  an  eccentric  on  the  crank-shaft, 
and  hence  the  mirror  has  a  compound  move- 
ment. 

371.  Modification  of  mangle-wheel  mo- 
tion. The  large  wheel  is  toothed  on  both 
faces,  and  an  alternating  circular  motion  is 
produced  by  the  uniform  revolution  of  the 
pinion,  which  passes  from  one  side  of  the 
wheel  to  the  other  through  an  opening  on 
the  left  of  the  figure. 

372.  White's  dynamometei.  for  determin- 
ing the  amount  of  power  required  to  give 


rotary  motion  to  any  piece  of  mechanism. 
The  two  horizontal  bevel-gears  are  arranged 
in  a  hoop-snaped  frame,  which  revolves 
freely  on  the  middle  of  the  horizontal  shaft, 
on  which  there  are  two  vertical  bevel-gears 
gearing  to  the  horizontal  ones,  one  fast  and 
the  other  loose  on  the  shaft.  Suppose  the 
hoop  to  be  held  stationary,  motion  given  to 
either  vertical  bevel-gear  will  be  imparted 
through  the  horizontal  gears  to  the  other 
vertical  one  ;  but  if  the  hoop  be  permitted 
it  v/ill  revolve  with  the  vertical  gear  put  in 
motion,  and  the  amount  of  power  recjuired 
to  hold  it  stationary  will  correspond  wuh 
that  transmitted  from  the  first  gear,  and  a 
band  attached  to  its  periphery  will  indicate 
that  power  by  the  weight  required  to  keep 
it  still. 

373.  Robert's  contrivance  for  proving  that 
friction  of  a  wheel  carriage  does  not  in- 
crease with  velocity,  but  only  with  load. 
Loaded  wagon  is  supported  on  surface  of 
large  wheel,  and  connected  with  indicator 
constructed  with  spiral  spring,  to  show  force 
required  to  keep  carriage  stationary  when 
large  wheel  is  put  in  motion.  It  was  found 
that  difference  in  velocity  produced  no  va- 
riation in  the  indicator,  but  difference  in 
weight  immediately  did  so. 

374.  Rotary  motion  of  shaft  from  treadle 
by  means  of  an  endless  band  running  from 
a  roller  on  the  treadle  to  an  eccentric  on  the 
shaft. 

375.  Pair  of  edge  runners  or  chasers  for 
crushing  or  grinding.  The  axles  are  con- 
nected with  vertical  shaft,  and  the  wheels  or 
chasers  run  in  an  annular  pan  or  trough. 


92 


Mechanical  Movements. 


376 


377 


378 


Mechanical  Movements. 


93 


376.  Tread-wheel  horse-power  turned  by 
the  weight  of  an  animal  attempting  to  walk 
up  one  side  of  its  interior ;  has  been  used 
for  driving  the  paddle-wheels  of  ferry-boats 
and  other  purposes  by  horses.  The  turn- 
spit dog  used  also  to  be  employed  in  such  a 
wheel  in  ancient  times  for  turning  meat 
while  roasting  on  a  spit. 

yj'].  The  tread-mill  employed  in  jails  in 
some  countries  for  exercising  criminals  con- 
demned to  labor,  and  employed  in  grinding 
grain,-  etc.  ;  turns  by  weight  of  persons 
stepping  on  tread-boards  on  periphery. 
This  is  supposed  to  be  a  Chinese  invention, 
and  it  is  still  usedin  China  for  raising  water 
for  irrigation. 

378.  Saw  for  cutting  trees  by  motion  of 
pendulum,  is  represented  as  cutting  a  lying 
tree. 

379  and  380.  Portable  cramp  drills.  In 
379  the  feed-screw  is  opposite  the  drill,  and 
in  380  the  drill  spindle  passes  through  the 
center  of  the  feed-screw. 

381.  Bowery's  joiner's  clamp,  plan  and 
transverse  section.  Oblong  bed  has,  at  one 
end,  two  wedge-formed  cheeks,  adjacent 
sides  of  which  lie  at  an  angle  to  each  other, 
and  are  dovetailed  inward  from  upper  edge 


to   receive   two   wedges    for   clamping   the 
piece  or  pieces  of  wood  to  be  planed. 

382.  Adjustable  stand  for  mirrors,  etc., 
by  which  a  glass  or  other  article  can  be 
raised  or  lowered,  turned  to  the  right  or  left, 
and  varied  in  its  inclination.  The  stem  is 
fitte'd  into  a  socket  of  pillar,  and  secured  by 
a  set  screw,  and  the  glass  is  hinged  to  the 
stem,  and  a  set  screw  is  applied  to  the  hinge 
to  tighten  it.  The  same  thing  is  used  for 
photographic  camera-stands. 

383.  Represents  the  principal  elements  of 
machinery  for  dressing  cloth  and  warps, 
consisting  of  two  rollers,  from  one  to  the 
other  of  which  the  yarn  or  cloth  is  wound, 
and  an  interposed  cylinder  having  its  peri- 
phery either  smooth-surfaced  or  armed  with 
brushes,  teasels,  or  other  contrivances,  ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  work  to  be 
done.  These  elements  are  used  in  machines 
for  sizing  warps,  gig-mills  for  dressing 
woolen  goods,  and  in  most  machines  for 
finishing  woven  fabrics. 

384.  Helicograph,  or  instrument  for  de- 
scribing helices.  The  small  wheel,  by  re- 
volving about  the  fixed  central  point,  de- 
scribes a  volute  or  spiral  by  moving  along 
the  screw-threaded  axle  either  way,  and 
transmits  the  same  to  drawing  paper  on 
which  transfer-paper  is  laid  with  colored 
side  downward. 


94 


Mechanical  Movements. 


m    I 


^ 


387 


i 


388 


-<^^^<0'^i^'  '^C^i(^-ii^^^'f^<^'x 


380 


3   1 


392 


y/iiyM/z/M 


393 


385.  Contrivance  employed  in  Russia  for 
shutting  doors.  One  pin  is  fitted  to  and 
turns  in  so.cket  attached  to  door,  and  the 
other  is  similarly  attached  to  frame".  I  n  open- 
ing the  door,  pins  are  brought  together,  and 
weight  is  raised.  Weight  closes  door  by  de- 
pressing the  joint  of  the  toggle  toward  a 
straight  line,  and  so  widening  the  space 
between  the  pins. 

386.  Folding  library  ladder.  It  is  shown 
open,  partly  open,  and  closed  ;  the  rounds 
are  pivoted  to  the  side-pieces,  which  are 
fitted  together  to  form  a  round  pole  when 
closed,  the  rounds  shutting  up  inside. 

387.  Self-adjusting  step-ladder  for  wharfs 
at  which  there  are  rise  and  fall  of  tide.  The 
steps  are  pivoted  at  one  edge  into  woodep 
bars  forming  string-pieces,  and  their  other 
edge  is  supported  iiy  rods  suspended  from 
bars  forming  hand-rails.  The  steps  remain 
horizontal  whatever  position  the  ladder  as- 
sumes. 

388.  Feed-motion  of  Woodworth's  plan- 
ing machine,  a  smooth  supporting  roller,  and 
a  toothed  top  roller. 

389.  Lifting-jack  operated  by  an  eccentric, 
pawl,  and  ratchet.  The  upper  pawl  is  a 
stop. 

390.  Device  for  converting  oscillating  in- 
to rotary  motion.  The  semicircular  piece, 
A,  is  attached  to  a  lever  which  works  on  a 
fulcrum,  a^  and  it  has  attacb.ed  to  it  the  ends 
of  two  band.s,  C  and  D,  which  run  around 
two  pulleys,  loose  on  the  shaft  of  the  fly- 
wheel, B.     Band,  C,  is  open,  and  band,  D, 


crossed.  The  pulleys  have  attached  to 
them  pawls  which  engage  with  two  ratchet- 
wheels  fast  on  the  fly-wheel,  shaft.  One 
pawl  acts  on  its  ratchet-wheel  when  the 
piece,  A,  turns  one  way,  and  the  other  when 
the  said  piece  turns  the  other  way,  and  thus 
a  continuous  rotary  motion  of  the  shaft  is 
obtained. 


391.  Reciprocating  into  rotary  motion. 
The  weighted  racks.  A,  A',  are  pivoted  to 
the  end  of  a  piston-rod,  and  pins  at  the  end 
of  the  said  racks  work  in  fixed  guide-grooves, 
b,  b,  in  such  manner  that  one  rack  ope- 
rates upon  the  cog-wheel  in  ascending  and 
the  other  in  descending,  and  so  continuous 
rotary  motion  is  produced.    The  elbow  lever, 

I  C,  and  spring,  d,  are  for  carrying  the  pin  of 
the  right-hand  rack  over  the  upper  angle  in 

I  its  guide-groove,  b. 


392.  Gig-saw,  the  lower  end  connected 
j  with  a  crank  which  works  it,  and  the  upper 
!  end  connected  with  a  spring  which  keeps  it 
'  strained  without  a  gate. 

i  393.  Contrivance  for  polishing  lenses  and 
bodies  of  spherical  form.  The  polishing 
material  is  in  a  cup  connected  by  a  ball-and- 

'  socket  joint  and  bent  piece  of  metal  with  a 
rotating  upright  shaft  set  concentric  to  the 

I  body  to  be  polished.     The  cup  is  set  eccen- 

!  trie,  and  bv  that  means  is  caused  to  have 
an  independent  rotary  motion  about  its  axis 
on  the  universal  joint,  as  well  as  to  revolve 
about  the  common  axis  of  the  shaft  and  the 
body  to  be  polished.  This  prevents  the 
parts  of  the  surface  of  the  cup  from  coming 
repeatedly  in  contact  with  the  same  parts  of 
surface  of  the  lens  or  other  body 


96 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


97 


394.  C.  Parsons's  patent  device  for  con- 
verting reciprocating  motion  into  rotary,  an 
endless  rack  provided  witli  grooves  on  its 
side  gearing  witli  a  pinion  liaving  two  con- 
centric flanges  of  different  diameters.  A 
substitute  for  crank  in  oscillating  cylinder 
engines. 


395.  Four-way  cock,  used  many  years  ago 
on  steam  engines  to  admit  and  exhaust 
steam  from  the  cylinder.  The  two  positions 
represented  are  produced  by  a  quarter  turn 
of  the  plug.  Supposing  the  steam  to  enter 
at  the  top,  in  the  upper  figure  the  exhaust 
is  from  the  right  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  in 
the  lower  figure  the  exhaust  is  from  the 
left — the  steam  entering,  of  course,  in  the 
opposite  port. 


396.  G.  P.  Reed's  patent  anchor  and  lever 
escapement  for  watches.  The  lever  is  so 
applied  in  combination  with  chronometer 
escapement  that  the  whole  impulse  given 
balance  in  one  direction  is  transmitted 
through  lever,  and  whole  impulse  in  op- 
posite direction  is  transmitted  directly  to 
chronometer  impulse  pallet,  locking  and 
unlocking  the  escape-wheel  but  once  at 
each  impulse  given  by  said  wheel. 


397.  Continuous  circular  into  intermit- 
tent rectilinear  reciprocating.  A  motion 
used  on  several  sewing  machines  for  driv- 
ing the  shuttle.  Same  motion  applied  to 
three-revolution  cylinder  printing-presses. 


398.  Continuous  circular  motion  into  in- 
termittent circular — the  cam,  C,  being  the 
driver. 


399.  A  method  of  repairing  chains,  or 
tightening  chains  used  as  guys  or  braces. 
Link  is  made  in  two  parts,  one  end  of  each 
is  provided  with  swivel-nut,  and  other  end 
with  screw  ;  the  screw  of  each  part  fits 
into  nut  of  other. 


400.  Four-motion  feed  (A.  B.  Wilson's 
patent),  used  on  Wheeler  &  Wilson's, 
Sloat's,  and  other  sewing  machines.  The 
bar,  A,  is  forked,  and  has  a  second  bar,  B 
(carrying  the  spur  or  feeder),  pivoted  in  the 
said  fork.  The  bar,  B,  is  lifted  by  a  radial 
projection  on  the  cam,  C,  at  the  same  time 
the  two  bars  are  carried  forward.  A  spring 
produces  the  return  stroke,  and  the  bar,  B, 
drops  of  its  own  gravity. 


401.  E.  P.  Brownell's  patent  crank-mo- 
tion to  obviate  dead-centers.  The  pressure 
on  the  treadle  causes  the  slotted  slide.  A,  to 
move  forward  with  the  wrist  until  the  latter 
has  passed  the  center,  when  the  spring,  B, 
forces  the  slide  against  the  stops  until  it  is 
again  required  to  move  forward. 


402.  G.  O.  Guernsey's  patent  escapement 
for  watches.  In  this  escapement  two  bal- 
ance-wheels are  employed,  carried  b)'  the 
same  driving-power,  but  oscillating  in  op- 
posite directions,  for  the  purpose  of  coun- 
teracting the  effect  of  any  sudden  jar  upon 
a  watch  or  time-piece.  The  jar  which  would 
accelerate  motion  of  one  wheel  would  re- 
tard the  motion  of  other.  Anchor,  A,  is 
secured  to  lever,  B,  having  an  interior  and 
exterior  toothed  segment  at  its  end,  each 
one  of  which  gears  with  the  pinion  of  bal- 
ance-wheels. 


98 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


99 


403.  Cyclograpli  for  describing  circular  arcs  in  drawings 
where  the  center  is  inaccessible.  This  is  composed  of 
three  straight  rules.  The  chord  and  versed  sine  being 
laid  down,  draw  straight  sloping  lines  from  ends  of  former 
to  top  of  latter,  and  to  these  lines  lay  two  of  the  rules 
crossing  at  the  apex.  Fasten  these  rules  together,  and  an- 
other rule  across  them  to  serve  as  a  brace,  and  insert  a  pin 
or  point  at  each  end  of  chord  to  guide  the  apparatus,  which, 
on  being  moved  against  these  points,  will  describe  the  arc 
by  means  of  pencil  in  the  angle  of  the  crossinjr  edges  of 
the  sloping  rules. 

404.  Another  cyclograpli.  The  elastic  arched  bar  is 
made  half  the  depth  at  the  ends  that  it  is  at  the  middle, 
and  is  formed  so  that  its  outer  edge  coincides  with  a  true 
circular  arc  when  bent  to  its  greatest  extent.  Three  points 
in  the  required  arc  being  given,  the  bar  is  bent  to  them  by 
means  of  the  screw,  each  end  being  confined  to  the  straight 
bar  by  means  of  a  small  roller. 

405.  Mechanical  means  of  describing  hyperbolas,  their 
foci  and  vertices  being  given.  Suppose  the  curves  two 
opposite  hyperbolas,  the  points  in  vertical  dotted  center 
line  their  foci.  One  end  of  rule  turns  on  one  focus  as  a 
center  through  which  one  edge  ranges.  One  end  of  {bread 
being  looped  on  pin  inserted  at  the  other  focus,  and  other 
end  held  to  other  end  of  rule,  with  just  enough  slack  be- 
tween to  permit  height  to  reach  vortex  when  rule  coincides 
with  ceiKer  line.  A  pencil  held  in  bight,  and  kept  close  to 
rule  while  latter  is  moved  from  center  line,  describes  one- 
half  of  parabola ;  the  rule  is  then  reversed  for  the  other 
half. 

406.  Mechanical  means  of  describing  parabolas,  the  base, 
altitude,  focus,  and  directrix  being  given.  Lay  straight 
edge  with  near  side  coinciding  with  directrix,  and  square 
with  stock  against  the  same,  so  that  the  blade  is  parallel 
with  the  axis,  and  proceed  with  pendl  in  bight  of  thread, 
as  in  the  preceding. 

407.  Instrument  for  describing  pointed  arches.  Hori- 
zontal bar  is  slotted  and  fitted  with  a  slide  having  pin  for 
loop  of  cord.  Arch  bar  of  elastic  wood  is  fixed  in  horizon- 
tal at  right  angles.  Horizontal  bar  is  placed  with  upper 
edge  on  springing  line,  and  back  of  arch  bar  ranging  with 
jamb  of  opening,  and  the  latter  bar  is  bent  till  the  upper 
side  meets  apex  of  arch,  fulcrum-piece  at  its  base  insuring 
its  retaining  tangential  relation  to  jamb  ;  the  pencil  is 
secured  to  arched  bar  at  its  connection  with  cord- 


408.  Centrolinead  for  drawing  lines  toward  an  inaccessi- 
ble or  inconveniently  distant  point ;  chiefly  used  in  per- 
spective. Upper  or  drawing  edge  of  blade  and  back  of 
movable  legs  should  intersect  center  of  joint.  Geometrical 
diagram  indicates  mode  of  setting  instrument,  legs  forming 
it  may  form  unequal  angles  with  blade-  At  either  end  of 
dotted  line  crossing  central,  a  pin  is  inserted  vertically  for 
instrument  to  work  against.  -Supposing  it  to  be  inconve- 
nient to  produce  the  convergent  lines  until  they  intersect, 
even  temporarily,  for  the  purpose  of  setting  the  instrument 
as  shown,  a  corresponding  convergence  may  be  found  be- 
tween them  by  drawing  a  line  parallel  to  and  inward  from 
each. 

409.  Proportional  compasses  used  in  copying  drawings 
on  a  r;iven  larger  or  smaller  scale.  Ihe  iJvot  of  com- 
passes is  secured  in  a  slide  which  is  adjustable  in  the  longi- 
tudinal slots  of  legs,  and  capable  of  being  secured  by  a 
set  screw,  the  dimensions  are  taken  between  one  pair  of 
points  and  transferred  with  the  other  pair,  and  thus  en- 
larged or  diminished  in  proportion  to  the  relative  distances 
of  the  points  from  the  pivot.  A  scale  is  provided  on  one 
or  both  legs  to  indicate  the  proportion. 

410.  Bisecting  gauge.  Of  two  parallel  cheeks  on  the 
cross-bar  one  is  fixed  and  the  other  adjustable,  and  held  by 
thumb-screw.  In  either  cheek  is  centered  one  of  two  short 
bars  of  equal  length,  united  by  a  pivot,  having  a  sharp 
point  for  marking.  This  point  is  always  in  a  cential  posi- 
tion between  the  cheeks,  whatever  their  distance  apart,  so 
that  any  parallel  sided  solid  to  which  the  cheeks  are  adjust- 
ed may  be  bisected  from  end  to  end  by  drawing  the  gauge 
along  it.  Solids  not  parallel  sided  may  be  bisected  in  like 
manner,  by  leaving  one  cheek  loose,  but  keeping  it  in  con- 
tact with  solid. 

411.  Self-recording  level  for  surveyors.  Consists  of  a 
carriage,  the  shape  of  which  is  governed  by  an  isosceles 
triangle  having  horizontal  base.  The  circumference  of 
each  wheel  equals  the  base  of  the  triangle.  A  pendulum, 
when  the  instrument  is  on  level  ground,  bisects  the  base, 
and  when  on  an  inclination  gravitates  to  right  or  left  from 
center  accordingly.  A  drum,  rotated  by  gearing  from  one 
of  the  carriage  wheels,  carries  sectionally  ruled  iiaper, 
upon  which  pencil  on  pendulum  traces  profile  corresponding 
with  that  of  ground  traveled  over.  The  drum  can  be 
shifted  vertically  to  accord  with  any  given  scale,  and  hori- 
zontally, to  avoid  removal  of  filled  paper. 


lOO 


Mechanical  Movements. 


412 


413 


4J4 


47  S 


418 


^ 


''^S^l^J'^  '0"^- 


416 


419  ,^ 


Mechanical  Movements. 


lOI 


412.  Wheel-work  in  the  base  of  capstan. 
Thus  provided,  the  capstan  can  be  used  as 
a  simple  or  compound  machine,  single  or 
triple  purchase.  The  drumhead  and  barrel 
rotate  independently  ;  the  former,  being 
fixed  on  spindle,  turns  it  round,  and  when 
locked  to  barrel  turns  it  also,  forming  sin- 
gle purchase  ;  but  when  unlocked,  wheel- 
work  acts,  and  drumhead  and  barrel  rotate 
in  opposite  directions,  .with  velocities  as 
three  to  one. 

413.  J.  W.  Howlett's  patent  adjustable 
frictional  gearing.  This  is  an  improvement 
on  that  shown  in  45  of  this  table.  The 
upper  wheel,  A,  shown  in  section,  is  com- 
posed of  a  rubber  disk  with  V-edge,  clamp- 
ed between  two  metal  plates.  By  screwing 
up  the  nut,  B,  which  holds  the  parts  toge- 
ther, the  rubber  disk  is  made  to  expand 
radially,  and  greater  tractive  power  may  be 
produced  between  the  two  wheels. 

414.  Scroll  gear  and  sliding  pinion,  to 
produce  an  increasing  velocity  of  scroll- 
plate,  A,  in  one  direction,  and  a  decreasing 
velocity  when  the  motion  is  reversed.  Pin- 
ion, B,  moves  on  a  feather  on  the  shaft. 

415.  P.  Dickson's  patent  device  for  con- 
verting an  oscillating  motion  into  intermit- 
tent circular,  in  either  direction.  Oscillat- 
ing motion  communicated  to  lever.  A,  which 
is  provided  with  two  pawls,  B  and  C,  hing- 
ed to  its  upper  side,  near  shaft  of  wheel,  D. 
Small  crank,  E,  on  upper  side  or  lever.  A, 
is  attached  by  cord  to  each  of  pawls,  so  that 
when  pawl,  C,  is  let  into  contact  with  inte- 
rior of  rim  of  wheel,  D,  it  moves  in  one 
direction,  and  pawl,  B,  is  out  of  gear.  Mo- 
tion of  wheel,  D,  may  be  reversed  by  lift- 
ing pawl,  C,  which  was  in  gear,  and  letting 
opposite  one  into  gear  by  crank,  E. 

416.  A  device  for  assisting  the  crank  of  a 


treadle  motion  over  the  dead-centers.  The 
helical  spring.  A,  has  a  tendency  to  move 
the  crank,  B,  in  direction  at  right-angles  to 
dead-centers. 

417.  Continuous  circular  motion  into  a 
rectilinear  reciprocating.  The  shaft,  A, 
working  in  a  fixed  bearing,  D,  is  bent  on 
one-end,  and  fitted  to  turn  in  a  socket  at 
the  upper  end  of  a  rod,  B,  the  lower  end  of 
which  works  in  a  socket  in  the  slide,  C. 
Dotted  lines  show  the  position  of  the  rod, 
B,  and  slide,  when  the  shaft  has  made  half 
a  revolution  from  the  position  shown  in 
bold  lines. 

418.  Buchanan  &  Righter's  patent  slide- 
valve  motion.  Valve,  A,  is  attached  to 
lower  end  of  rod,  B,  and  free  to  slide  hori- 
zontally on  valve-seat.  Upper  end  of  rod, 
B,  is  attached  to  a  pin  which  slides  in  verti- 
cal slots,  and  a  roller,  C,  attached  to  the 
said  rod,  slides  in  two  suspended  and  verti- 
cally adjustable  arcs,  D.  This  arrangement 
is  intended  to  prevent  the  valve  from  being 
pressed  with  too  great  force  against  its  seat 
by  the  pressure  of  steam,  and  to  relieve  it 
of  friction. 

419.  Continuous  circular  motion  con- 
verted into  a  rocking  motion.  Used  in  self- 
rocking  cradles.  Wheel,  A,  revolves,  and  is 
connected  to  a  wheel,  B,  of  greater  radius, 
which  receives  an  oscillating  motion,  and 
wheel,  B,  is  provided  with  two  flexible 
bands,  C,  D,  which  connect  each  to  a  stan- 
dard or  post  attached  to  the  rocker,  E,  of 
the  cradle. 

420.  Arrangement  of  hammer  for  striking 
bells.  Spring  below  the  hammer  raises  it 
out  of  contact  witli  the  bell  after  striking, 
and  so  prevents  it  from  interfering  with  the 
vibration  of  the  metal  in  the  bell. 


I02 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


103 


421.  Trunk  engine  used  for  marine  purposes. 
The  piston  has  attached  to  it  a  trunk  at  the  lower 
end  of  which  the  pitman  is  connected  directly 
with  the  piston.  The  trunk  works  through  a 
stutfing-box  in  cylinder-head.  The  effective  area 
of  the  upper  side  of  the  piston  is  greatly  reduced 
by  the  trunk.  To  equalize  the  power  on  both 
sides  of  piston,  high-pressure  steam  has  been 
first  used  on  the  upper  side  and  afterward  ex- 
hausted into  and  used  expansively  in  the  part 
of  cylinder  below. 

422.  Oscillating  j)iston  engine.  The  profile 
of  the  cylinder  A,  is  of  the  form  of  a  sector. 
The  piston,  ]i,  is  attached  to  a  rock-shaft,  C,  and 
steam  is  admitted  to  the  cylinder  to  operate  on 
one  and  the  other  side  of  piston  alternately,  by 
means  of  a  slide-valve,  I),  substantially  like  that 
of  an  ordinary  reciprocating  engine.  The  rock- 
shaft  is  connected  with  a  crank  to  produce  rotary  : 
motion.  i 

i 

423.  Root's   patent   double-quadrant   engine.  [ 
This  is  on  the  same  principle  as  422  ;  but  two  j 
single-acting  pistons,   B,  _H,  are  used,  and  both 
connected  with  one  crank,  D.    The  steam  is  ad- 
mitted to  act  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  two  pis- 
tons alternately  by  means  of  one  induction  valve, 
a,  and  is  exhausted  through  the  space  between 
the  pistons.     The  piston  and  crank  connections  : 
are  such  that  the  steam  acts  on'  each  piston  dur- 
ing about  two-thirds  of  the   revolution  of  the 
crank,  and  hence  there  are  no  dead  points. 

424.  Root's  double-reciprocating  or  square 
piston  engine.  The  "cylinder,"  A,  of  this  en- 
gine is  of  oblong  square  form  and  contains  two 
pistons,  B  and  C,  the  former  working  horizon- 
tally, and  the  latter  working  vertically  within  it  ; 
the  piston,  C,  is  connected  with  the  wrist,  n,  of 
the  crank  on  the  main  shaft,  /'.  The  i)orts  for 
the  admission  of  steam  are  shown  black.  The 
two  pistons  produce  the  rotation  of  the  crank 
without  dead  points. 


trally  through  it.  The  piston,  C,  is  simply  an 
eccentric  fast  on  the  shaft  and  working  in  contact 
with  the  cylinder  at  one  point.  The  induction 
and  eduction  of  steam  take  place  as  indicated 
by  arrows,  and  the  pressure  of  the  steam  on  one 
side  of  the  piston  produces  its  rotation  and  that 
of  the  shaft.  The  sliding  abutment,  D,  between 
the  induction  and  eduction  ports  moves  out  of 
the  way  of  the  piston  to  let  it  pass. 

426.  Another  form  of  rotary  engine,  in  which 
there  are  two  stationary  abutments,  D,  D,  within 
the  cylinder,  and  the  two  pistons.  A,  A,  in  order 
to  enable  them  to  pass  the  abutments,  are  made 
to  slide  radially  in  grooves  in  the  hub,  C,  of  the 
main  shaft,  B.  The  steam  acts  on  both  pistons 
at  once,  to  produce  the  rotation  of  the  hub  and 
shaft.  The  induction  and  eduction  are  indicated 
by  arrows. 

427.  Another  rotary  engine,  in  which  the 
shaft,  B,  works  in  fixed  bearings  eccentric  to  the 
cylinder.  The  pistons,  A,  A,  are  fitted  to  slide 
in  and  out  from  grooves  in  the  hub,  C,  which  is 
concentric  with  the  shaft,  but  they  are  always  ra- 
dial to  the  cylinder,  being  kept  so  by  rings 
(shown  dotted)  fitting  to  hubs  on  the  cylinder- 
heads.  The  pistons  slide  through  rolling  pack- 
ings, a,  a,  in  the  hub,  C. 

428.  The  india-rubber  rotary  engine  in  which 
the  cylinder  has  a  flexible  lining,  E,  of  india- 
rubber,  and  rollers.  A,  A,  are  substituted  for  pis- 
tons, said  rollers  being  attached  to  arms  radiat- 
ing from  the  main  shaft,  B.  The  steam  acting 
between  the  india-rubber  and  the  surrounding 
rigid  portion  of  the  cylinder  presses  the  india- 
rubber  against  the  rollers,  and  causes  them  to 
revolve  around  the  cylinder  and  turn  the  shaft. 

429.  Holly's  patent  double-elliptical  rotary 
engine.  The  two  elliptical  pistons  geared  to- 
gether are  operated  upon  by  the  steam  entering 
between  them,  in  such  manner  as  to  produce 
their  rotary  motion  in  opposite  directions. 


425.  One  of  the  many  forms  of  rotary  engine.        These  rotary  engines  can  all  be  converted  into 
A  is  the  cylinder  having  the  shaft,  B,  pass  ceiv    pumps. 


I04 


Mechanical  Movements. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


105 


430.  Overshot  water-wheel. 


431.  Undershot  water-wheel. 


432;  Breast-wheel.  This  holds  interme- 
diate place  between  overshot  and  undershot 
wheels  ;  has  float-boards  like  the  former, 
but  the  cavities  between  are  converted  into 
buckets  by  moving  in  a  channel  adapted  to 
circumference  and  width,  and  into  which 
water  enters  nearly  at  the  level  of  axle. 


433.  Horizontal  overshot  water-wheel. 


434.  A  plan  view  of  the  Fourneyron  tur- 
bine water-wheel.  In  the  center  are  a  num- 
ber of  fixed  curved  "  shutes"  or  guides,  A, 
which  direct  the  water  against  the  buckets 
of  the  outer  wheel,  B,  which  revolves,  and 
the  water  discharges  at  the  circumference. 


435.  Warren's  central  discharge  turbine, 
plan  view.  The  guides,  «,  are  outside,  and 
the  wheel,  b,  revolves  within  them,  discharg- 
ing the  water  at  the  center. 


436.  Jonval  turbine.  The  "  shutes"  are 
arranged  on  the  outside  of  a  drum,  radial  to 
a  common  center  and  stationary  within  the 
trunk  or  casing,  b.  The  wheel,  c,  is  made 
in  nearly  the  same  way  ;  the  buckets  exceed 
in  number  those  of  the  shutes,  and  are  set 
at  a  slight  tangent  instead  of  radially,  and 
the  curve  generally  used  is  that  of  the  cy- 
cloid or  parabola. 


437.  Volute  wheel,  having  radial  vanes,  a, 
against  which  the  water  impinges  and  car- 
ries the  wheel  around.  The  scroll  or  volute 
casing,  ^,  confines  the  water  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  it  acts  against  the  vanes  all  around 
the  wheel.  By  the  addition  of  the  inclined 
buckets,  c,  c,  at  the  bottom,  the  water  is 
made  to  act  with  additional  force  as  it 
escapes  through  the  openings  of  said 
buckets. 


438.  Barker's  or  reaction  mill.  Rotary 
motion  of  central  hollow  shaft  is  obtained 
by  the  reaction  of  the  water  escaping  at 
the  ends  of  its  arms,  the  rotation  being  in 
a  direction  the  reverse  of  the  escape. 


io6 


Mechanical  Movements. 


:^ 


Mechanical  Movements. 


107 


439.  A  method  of  obtaining  a  reciprocating 
motion  from  a  continuous  fall  of  water,  by  means 
of  a  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  bucket  which 
opens  by  striking  the  ground  and  thereby  empty- 
ing the  bucket,  which  is  caused  to  rise  again  by 
the  action  of  a  counter-weight  on  the  other  side 
of  the  pulley  over  which  it  is  suspended. 

440.  Represents  a  trough  divided  transversely 
into  equal  parts  and  supjjortcd  on  an  axis  by  a 
frame  beneath.  The  fall  of  water  filling  one 
side  of  the  division,  the  trough  is  vibrated  on  its 
axis,  and  at  the  same  lime  that  it  delivers  the 
water  the  op])osite  side  is  brought  under  the 
stream  and  filled,  which  in  like  manner  produces 
the  vibration  of  the  trough  back  again.  This 
has  been  used  as  a  water  meter. 

441.  Persian  wheel,  used  in  Eastern  countries  ! 
for  irrigation.  It  has  a  hollow  shaft  and  curved 
floats,  at  the  extremities  of  which  are  suspended 
buckets  or  tubs.  The  wheel  is  partly  immersed 
in  a  stream  acting  on  the  convex  surface  of  its 
floats,  and  as  it  is  thus  caused  to  revolve,  a 
quantity  of  water  will  be  elevated  by  each  float 
at  each  revolution,  and  conducted  to  the  hollow 
shaft  at  the  same  time  that  one  of  the  buckets 
carries  its  fill  of  water  to  a  higher  level,  where 
it  is  einptied  by  coming  in  contact  with  a  sta- 
tionary pin  placed  in  a  convenient  position  for 
tilting  it. 

442.  Machine  of  ancient  origin,  still  employed 
on  the  river  Eisach,  in  the  Tyrol,  for  raising 
water.  A  current  keeping  the  wheel  in  motion, 
the  pots  on  its  periphery  are  successively  im- 
mersed, filled,  and  emptied  into  a  trough  above 
the  stream. 

443.  Application  of  Archimedes's  screw  to  rais- 
ing water,  the  supply  stream  being  the  motive 
power.  The  oblique  shaft  of  the  vyheel  has  ex- 
tending through  it  a  spiral  passage,  the  lower 
end  of  which  is  immersed  in  water,  and  the 
stream,  acting  upon  the  wheel  at  its  lower  end, 
produces  its  revolution,  by  which  the  water  is 
conveyed  ujiward  continuously  through  the  spiral 
passage  and  discharged  at  the  top. 


444.  Montgolfier's  hydraulic  ram.  Small  fall 
of  water  made  to  throw  a  jet  to  a  great  height 
or  furnish  a  supply  at  high  level.  The  right- 
hand  valve  being  kept  open  by  a  weight  or 
spring,  the  current  flowing  through  the  pipe  in 
the  direction  of  the  arrow  escapes  thereby  till 
its  pressure,  overcoming  the  resistance  of  weight 
or  spring,  closes  it.  On  the  closing  of  this  valve 
the  momentum  of  the  current  overcomes  the 
pressure  on  the  other  valve,  ojjens  it,  and  throws 
a  quantity  of  water  into  the  globular  air-cham- 
ber by  the  expansive  force  of  the  air  in  which 
the  upward  stream  from  the  nozzle  is  maintained. 
On  equilibrium  taking  place,  the  right-hand 
valve  opens  and  left-hand  one  shuts.  Thus,  by 
the  alternate  action  of  the  valves,  a  quantity  of 
water  is  raised  into  the  air-chamber  at  every 
stroke,  and  the  elasticity  of  the  air  gives  uni- 
formity to  the  efflux. 

j  445  and  446.  D'Ectol's  oscillating  column,  for 
I  elevating  a  portion  of  a  given  fall  of  water  above 
I  the  level  of  the  reservoir  or  head,  by  means  of 
a  machine  all  the  parts  of  which  are  absolutely 
fixed.  It  consists  of  an  u])per  and  smaller  tube,' 
;  which  is  constantly  supplied  with  water,  and  a 
'  lower  and  larger  tube,  provided  with  a  circular 
I  plate  below  concentric  with  the  orifice  which  re- 
j  ceives  the  stream  from  the  tube  above.  Upon 
I  allowing  the  water  to  descend  as  shown  in 
I  445,  it  forms  itself  gradually  into  a  cone  on  the 
1  circular  plate,  as  shown  in  446,  which  cone 
!  protrudes  into  the  smaller  tube  so  as  to  check 
I  the  flow  of  water  downward  ;  and  the  regular 
i  supply  continuing  from  above,  the  column  in  the 
;  upper  tube  rises  until  the  cone  on  the  circular 
I  plate  gives  way.  This  action  is  renewed  peri- 
'  odically  and  is  regulated  by  the  supply  of  water. 

I      447.  This  method  of  passing  a  boat  from  one 

'  shore  of  a  river  to  the  other  is  common  on  the 
Rhine  and  elsewhere,  and  is  effected  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stream  on  the  rudder,  which  carries 

i  the  boat  across  the  stream  in  the  arc  of  a  circle, 
the  center  of  w-hich  is  the  anchor  which  holds 

I  the  boat  from  floating  down  the  stream. 


Mechanical  Movements. 


109 


448.  Common  lift  pump.  In  the  up- 
stroke of  j)iston  or  bucket  tlie  lower  valve 
opens  and  the  valve  in  piston  shuts  ;  air  is 
exhausted  out  of  suction-pipe,  and  water 
rushes  up  to  till  the  vacuum.  In  down- 
stroke,  lower  valve  is  shut  anql  valve  in  pis- 
ton opens,  and  the  water  .simply  passes 
through  the  piston.  The  water  above  pis- 
ton is  lifted  up,  and  runs  over  out  of  spout 
at  each  up-strokfc.  This  pump  cannot 
raise  water  over  thirty  feet  high. 

449.  Modern  lifting  pump.  This  pump 
operates  in  same  manner  as  one  in  previ- 
ous figure,  except  that  piston-rod  passes 
through  stuffing-box,  and  outlet  is  closed 
by  a  flap-valve  opening  upward.  Water  can 
be  lifted  to  any  height  above  this  pump. 

450.  Ordinary  force  pump,  with  two 
valves.  The  cylinder  is  above  water,  and 
is  fitted  with  solid  piston  ;  one  valve  closes 
outlet-pipe,  and  otiier  closes  suction-pipe. 
When  piston  is  rising  suction-valve  is  open, 
and  water  rushes  into  cylinder,  outlet-valve 
being  closed.  On  descent  of  piston  suction- 
valve  closes,  and  water  is  forced  up  through 
outlet-valve  to  any  distance  or  elevation. 

45 1.  Force  pump,  same  as  above,  with 
addition  of  air-chamber  to  the  outlet,  to  pro- 
duce a  constant  flow.  The  outlet  from  air- 
chamber  is  shown  at  two  places,  from  either 
of  which  water  may  be  taken.  The  air  is 
compressed  by  the  water  during  the  down- 
ward stroke  of  the  piston,  and  expands  and 
presses  out  the  water  from  the  chamber 
during  the  up-stroke. 

452.  Double-acting  pump.  Cylinder  closed 
at  each  end,  and  piston-rod  passes  through 
stuffing-box  on  one  end,  and  the  cylinder 
has  four  openings  covered  by  valves,  two 
for  admitting  water  and  like  number  for  dis- 
charge. A  is  suction-pipe,  and  B  discharge- 
pipe.      When   piston    moves    down,    water 


rushes  in  at  suction- valve,  i,  on  upper  end 
of  cylinder,  and  that  below  piston  is  forced 
through  valve,  3,  and  discharge-pipe,  B  ;  on 
the  piston  ascending  again,  water  is  forced 
through  discharge-valve,  4,  on  upper  end  of 
cylinder,  and  water  enters  lower  suction- 
valve,  2.  "        ' 

453.  Double  lantern-bellows  pump.  As 
one  bellows  is  distended  by  levejr,  air  is 
rarefied  witliin  it,  and  water  passes  up  suc- 
tion-pipe to  fill  space  ;  at  same  time  other 
bellows  is  compressed,  and  expels  its  con- 
tents through  discharge-pipe  ;  valves  work- 
ing the  same  as  in  the  ordinary  force  pump. 

454.  Diaphragm  forcing  pump.  A  flexi- 
ble diaphragm  is  employed  instead  of  bel- 
lows, and  valves  are  arranged  same  as  in 
preceding. 

455.  Old  rotary  pump.  Lower  aperture 
entriince  for  water,  and  upper  for  exit.  Cen- 
tral part  revolves  with  its  valves,  which  fit 
accurately  to  inner  surface  of  outer  cylinder. 
The  projection  shown  in  lower  side  of  cyl- 
ingier  is  an  abutment  to  close  the  valves 
when  they  reach  that  point. 

456.  Cary's  rotary  puni]).  Within  the 
fixed  cylinder  there  is  placed  a  revolving 
drum,  B,  attached  to  an  axle,  A.  Heart- 
shaped  cam,  a,  surrounding  axle,  is  also 
fixed.  Revolution  of  drum  causes  sliding- 
pistons,  c,  c,  to  move  in  and  out  in  obedi- 
ence to  form  of  cam.  Water  enters  and  is 
removed  from  the  chamber  through  ports, 
L  and  M  ;  the  directions  are  indicated  by 
arrows.  Cam  is  so  placed  that  each  piston 
is,  in  succession,  forced  back  to  its  seat 
when  opposite  E,  and  at  same  time  other 
piston  is  forced  fully  against  inner  side  of 
chamlier.  thus  driving  before  it  water  al- 
ready there  into  exit-pipe,  H,  and  drawing 
after  it  through  suction-pipe,  F,  the  stream 
of  supply. 


no 


Mechanical  Movements. 


457 


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457  Common  mode  of  raising  water  from 
wells  of  inconsiderable  depth.  Counter- 
balance equals  about  one-half  of  weight  to  be 
raised,  so  that  the  bucket  has  to  be  pulled 
down  when  empty,  and  is  assisted  in  elevating 
it  when  full  by  counterbalance. 

458.  The  common  pulley  and  buckets  for 
raising  water  ;  the  empty  bucket  is  pulled 
down  to  raise  the  full  one. 

459.  Reciprocating  lift  for  wells.  Top 
part  represents  horizontal  wind-wheel  on  a 
shaft  which  carries  spiral  thread.  Coupling 
of  latter  allows  small  vibration,  that  it  may 
act  on  one  worm-wheel  at  a  time.  Behind 
worm-wheels  are  pulleys  over  which  passes 
rope  which  carries  bucket  at  each  extremity. 
In  center  is  vibrating  tappet,  against  which 
bucket  strikes  in  its  ascent,  and  which,  by 
means  of  arm  in  step  wherein  spiral  and  shaft 
are  supported,  traverses  spiral  fromone  wheel 
to  other  so  that  the  bucket  which  has  de- 
livered water  is  lowered  and  other  one  raised. 

460.  Fairbairn's  bailing-scoop,  for  elevat- 
ing water  short  distances.  The  scoop  is 
connected  by  pitman  to  end  of  a  lever  or  of 
a  beam  of  single-acting  engine  Distance 
of  lift  may  be  altered  by  placing  end  of  rod 
in  notches  shown  in  figure. 

461.  Pendulums  or  swinging  gutters  for 
raising  water  by  their  pendulous  motions. 
Terminations  at  bottom  are  scoops,  and  at 
top  open  pipes  ;  intermediate  angles  are 
formed  with  boxes  (and  flap  valve),  each 
connected  with  two  branches  of  pipe. 


402.  Chain  pump  ;  lifting  water  by  con- 
tinuous circular  motion.  Wood  or  metal 
disks,  carried  by  endless  chain,  are  adapted 
to  water-tight  cylinder,  and  form  with  it  a 
succession  of  buckets  filled  with  water. 
Power  is  applied  at  upper  wheel. 

463.  Self-acting  weir  and  scouring  sluice. 
Two  leaves  turn  on  pivots  below  centers  ; 
upper  leaf  much  larger  than  lower,  and  turns 
in  direction  of  stream,  while  lower  turns 
against  it.  Top  edge  of  lower  leaf  overlaps 
bottom  edge  of  upper  one  and  is  forced 
against  it  by  pressure  of  water.  In  ordinary 
states  of  stream,  counteracting  pressures 
keep  weir  vertical  and  closed,  as  in  the  left- 
hand  figure,  and  water  flows  through  notcli 
in  upper  leaf;  but  on  water  rising  above 
ordinary  level,  pressure  above  from  greater 
surface  and  leverage  overcomes  resistance 
below,  upper  leaf  turns  over,  pushing  back 
lower,  reducing  obstructions  and  opening  at 
bed  a  passage  to  deposit. 

464.  Hiero's  fountain.  Water  being  poured 
into  upper  vessel  descends  tube  on  right 
into  lower ;  intermediate  vessel  being  also 
filled  and  more  water  poured  into  upper, 
confined  air  in  cavities  over  water  in  lower 
and  intermediate  vessels  and  in  communi- 
cation tube  on  left,  being  compressed,  drives 
by  its  elastic  force  a  jet  up  central  tube. 

465.  Balance  pumps.  Pair  worked  re- 
ciprocally by  a  person  pressing  alternately 
on  opposite  ends  of  lever  or  beam. 


112 


Mechanical  Movements. 


4  66 


467 


4-68 


469 


412 


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Mechanical  Movements. 


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466.  Hydrostatic  press.  Water  forced  by  the 
pump  through  the  small  pipe  into  the  ram  cylin- 
der and  under  the  solid  ram,  presses  up  the  ram. 
The  amount  of  force  obtained  is  in  proportion 
to  the  relative  areas  or  squares  of  diameters  of 
the  pump-plunger  and  ram.  Suppose,  for  in- 
stance, the  pump-plunger  to  be  one  inch  diameter 
and  the  ram  thirty  inches,  the  upward  pressure 
received  by  the  ram  would  be  900  times  the 
downward  pressure  of  the  plunger. 

467.  Robertson's  hydrostatic  jack.  In  this 
the  ram  is  stationary  upon  a  hollow  base  and  the 
cylinder  with  claw  attached  slides  upon  it.  The 
pump  takes  the  water  from  the  hollow  base  and 
forces  it  through  a  pipe  in  the  ram  into  the  cylin- 
der, and  so  raises  the  latter.  At  the  bottom  of 
pipe  there  is  a  valve  operated  by  a  thumb-screw 
to  let  back  the  water  and  lower  the  load  as 
gradually  as  may  be  desired. 

468.  Flexible  water  main,  ])lan  and  section. 
Two  pipes  of  15  and  18  inches  interior  diameter, 
having  some  of  their  joints  thus  formed,  conduct 
water  across  the  Clyde  to  Glasgow  Water-works. 
Pipes  are  secured  to  strong  log  frames,  hav- 
ing hinges  with  horizontal  pivots.  Frames  and 
pipes    were    put   together  on  south    side  of  the 

.river,  and,  the  north  end  of  pipe  being  plugged, 
they  were  hauled  across  by  machinery  on  north 
side,  their  flexible  structure  enabling  them  to 
follow  the  bed. 

469.  French  invention  for  obtaining  rotary 
motion  from  different  temperatures  in  two  bodies 
of  water.  Two  cisterns  contain  water  :  that  in 
left  at  natural  temperature  and  that  in  right 
higher.  In  right  is  a  water-wheel  geared  with 
Archimedean  screw  in  left.  From  spiral  screw 
of  the  latter  a  pipe  extends  over  and  passes  to 
the  under  side  of  wheel.  Machine  is  started  by 
turning  screw  in  opposite  direction  to  that  for 
raising  water,  thus  forcing  down  air,  which 
ascends  in  tube,  crosses  and  descends,  and  im- 
parts motion  to  wheel  ;  and  its  volume  increasing 
with  change  of  temperature,  it  is  said,  keeps  the 
machine  in  motion.  We  are  not  informed  how' 
the  difference  of  temperature  is  to  be  maintained. 

470.  Steam  hammer.  Cylinder  fixed  above 
and  hammer  attached  to  lower  end  of  oiston-rod. 


Steam  being  alternately  admitted  below  piston 
and  allowed  to  escape,  raises  and  lets  fall  the 
hammer. 

471.  Hotchkiss's  atmospheric  hammer  ;  de- 
rives the  force  c-f  its  blow  from  compressed  air- 
Hammer  head,  C,  is  attached  to  a  piston  fitted 
to  a  cylinder,  B,  which  is  connected  by  a  rod, 
D,  with  a  crank.  A,  on  the  rotary  driving-shaft. 
As  the  cylinder  ascends,  air  entering  hole,  e,  is 
compressed  below  piston  and  lifts  hammer.  As 
cylinder  descends,  air  entering  hole,  e,  is  com- 
pressed above  and  is  stored  up  to  produce  the 
blow  by  its  instant  expansion  after  the  crank  and 
connecting-rod  turn  bottom  center. 

472.  Grimshaw's  compressed  air  hammer. 
The  head  of  this  hammer  is  attached  to  a  piston, 
A,  which  works  in  a  cylinder,  B,  into  which  air 
is  admitted — like  steam  to  a  steam  engine — 
above  and  below  the  piston  by  a  slide-valve  on 
top.  The  air  is  received  from  a  reservoir,  C,  in 
the  framing,  supplied  by  an  air  pump,  D,  driven 
by  a  crank  on  the  rotary  driving-shaft,  E. 

473.  Air-pump  of  simple  construction.  Smaller 
tub  inverted  in  larger  one.  The  latter  contains 
water  to  upper  dotted  line,  and  the  pipe  from 
shaft  or  space  to  be  exhausted  passes  through  it 
to  a  few  inches  above  water,  terminating  with 
valve  opening  upward.  Upper  tub  has  short 
pipe  and  upwardly-opening  valve  at  top,  and  is 
suspended  by  ropes  from  levers.  When  upper 
tub  descends,  great  part  of  air  within  is  expelled 
through  upper  valve,  so  that,  when  afterward 
raised,  rarefaction  within  causes  gas  or  air  to 
ascend  through  the  .lower  valve.  This  pump 
was  successfully  used  for  drawing  off  carbonic 
acid  from  a  large  and  deep  shaft. 

474.  /Eolipile  or  Hero's  steam  toy,  described 
by  Hero,  of  Alexandria,  130  years  B.C.,  and  now 
regarded  as  the  first  steam  engine,  the  rotary 
form 'of  which  it  maybe  considered  to  represent. 
From  the  lower  vessel,  or  boiler,  rise  two  pipes 
conducting  steam  to  globular  vessel  above,  and 
forming  pivots  on  which  the  said  vessel  is 
caussd  to  revolve  in  the  direction  of  arrows,  by 
the  escape  of  steam  through  a  number  of  bent 
arms.  This  works  on  the  same  principle  as 
Barker's  mill,  438  in  this  table. 


114 


Mechanical  Movements, 


475-  B'lge  ejector  (Brear's  patent)  for  discharging  bilge-  [  bottom  of  the  tank.     As  gas  enters,  vessel,  A,  rises,  and 
water  from  vessels,  or  for  raising  and  forcing  water  under  |  vice  versa.     The  pressure  is  regulated   by  adding   to  or 
various  circumstances.     D  is  a  chamber  having  attached  a     reducing  the  weights,  C,  C. 
suction-pipe,  B,  and  discharge-pipe,  C,  and  having  a  steam-  I 
pipe  entering  at  one  side,  with  a  nozzle  directtd  toward  the  | 
discharge-pipe.     A  jet  of  steam  entering  through  A  expels 
the  air  from  D  and  C,  produces  a  vacuum  in  B,  and  causes 
water  to  rise  th*)ugh  B,  and  pass  through  D  and  C,  in  a     _ 

regular  and  constant  stream.    Compressed  air  may  be  used     on  a  fixed  tube,  b,  in  the  center  of  the  tank, 
as  a  substitute  for  steam. 


480.  Another  kind  of  gasometer.     The  vessel,  A,  has 
permanently  secured  within  it  a  central  tube,  a,  which  slides 


476.  Another  apparatus  operating  on  the  same  principle 
as  the  foregoing.  It  is  termed  a  steam  siphon  gump 
(Lansdell's  patent).  A  is  the  jet-pipe  ;  B,  B,  are  two  suc- 
tion-pipes, having  a  forked  connection  with  the  discharge- 
pipe,  C.  The  steam  jet-pipe  entering  at  the  fork  offers  no 
obstacle  to  the  upward  passage  of  the  water,  which  moves 
upward  in  an  unbroken  current. 


477.  Steam  trap  for  shutting  in  steam,  but  providing  for 
the  escape  of  water  from  steam  coils  and  radiators  (Hoard 
&  Wiggin's  patent).  It  consists  of  a  box,  connected  at  A 
with  the  tnd  o.  (he  coil  or  the  waste-pipe,  having  an  outlet 
at  B,  and  furnished  with  a  hollow  valve,  D,  the  bottom  of 
which  is  composed  of  a  flexible  diaphragm.  Valve  is  filled 
with  liquid,  and  hermetically  sealed,  and  its  diaphragm 
rests  upon  a  bridge  over  the  outlet-pipe.  The  presence  of 
steam  m  the  outer  box  so  heals  the  water  in  valve  that  the 
diaphragm  expands  and  raises  valve  up  to  the  seat,  a,  a. 
Water  of  condensation  accumulatnig  reduces  the  tempera- 
ture of  valve;  and  as  the  liquid  in  valve  contracts,  dia- 
phragm allows  valve  to  descend  and  let  water  off. 


47S.  ."Another  steam  trap  (Ray's  p.itent).  Valve,  a, 
closes  and  opens  by  longitudinal  expansion  and  contraction 
of  waste-pipe,  A,  which  terminates  in  the  middle  of  an  at- 
tached hollow  sphere,  C  A  portion  of  the  pipe  is  firmly 
secured  to  a  fixed  support,  B.  Valve  consists  of  a  plunger 
which  works  in  a  stuffing-box  in  the  sphere,  opposite  the 
end  of  the  pipe,  and  it  is  pressed  toward  the  end  of  the 
pipe  by  a  loaded  elbow  lever,  D,  as  far  as  permitted  by  a 
stop-screw,  t,  and  stop,  c.  When  pipe  is  filled  with  water, 
its  length  is  so  reduced  that  valve  remains  open  ;  but  when 
filled  with  steam,  it  is  expanded  so  that  valve  closes  it 
Screw,  b,  serves  to  adjust  the  action  of  valve. 


479.  Gasometer.  The  open-bottomed  vessel.  A,  is  ar- 
ranged in  the  tank,  B,  of  water,  and  partly  counterbalanced 
by  weights,  C,  C  Gas  enters  the  gasometer  by  one  and 
Teaves  it  by  the  other  of  the  two  pipes  inserted  through  the 


481.  Wet  gas  meter.  The  stationary  case.  A,  is  filled 
with  water  up  to  above  the  center.  The  inner  revolving 
drum  is  divided  into  four  compartments,  B,  B,  with  inlets 
around  the  central  pipe,  a,  which  introduces  the  gas 
through  one  of  the  hollow  journals  of  the  drum.  This 
pipe  is  turned  up  to  admit  the  gas  above  the  water,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  arrow  near  the  center  of  the  figure.  As  gas 
enters  the  compartments,  B,  B,  one  after  another,  it  turns 
the  drum  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow  shown  near  its  peri- 
phery, displacing  the  water  from  them.  As  the  chambers 
pass  over  they  fill  with  water  again.  The  ctbic  contents 
of  the  compartments  being  known,  and  the  number  of  the 
revolutions  of  the  drum  being  registered  by  dial -work,  the 
quantity  of  gas  passing  through  the  meter  is  registered. 


482.  Gas  regulator  (Powers's  patent)  for  equalizing  the 
supply  of  gas  to  all  the  burners  of  a  building  or  apartment, 
notwithstanding  variations  in  the  pressure  on  the  main,  or 
variations  produced  by  turning  gas  on  or  off,  to  or  from  any 
number  of  the  burners.  'J  he  regulator-valve,  I),  of  which 
a  separate  outside  view  is  given,  is  arranged  over  inlet- 
pipe,  E,  and  connected  by  a  lever,  ti,  with  an  inverted  cup, 
H,  the  lower  edges  of  which,  as  well  as  those  of  valve,  dip 
into  channels  containing  quicksilver.  There  is  no  escape 
of  gas  around  the  cup,  H,  but  there  are  notches,  />,  in  the 
valve  to  permit  the  g.^s  to  pass  over  the  surfiice  of  the 
quicksilver.  As  the  pressure  of  gas  increases,  it  acts  upon 
the  inner  surface  of  cup,  H,  which  is  larger  than  valve, 
and  the  cup  is  thereby  raised,  causing  a  depression  of  the 
valve  into  the  quicksilver,  and  contracting  the  opening 
notches,  b,  and  diminishing  the  quantity  of  gas  passing 
through.  As  the  pressure  diminishes,  an  opposite  result  is 
produced.     The  outlet  to  burners  is  at  F. 


483.  Dry  gas  meter.  Consists  of  two  bellows-like  cham- 
bers, A,  A',  which  are  alternately  filled  with  gas,  and  dis- 
charged through  a  valve,  B,  something  like  the  slide-valve 
of  a  steam  engine,  worked  by  the  chambers.  A,  A'.  The 
capacity  of  the  chambers  being  known,  and  the  number  of 
times  they  are  filled  being  registered  by  dial-work,  the 
quantity  of  gas  passing  through  the  meter  is  indicated  on 
the  dials. 


ii6 


Mechanical  Movements. 


^^8I^. 


ll-87 


k.90 


484.  A  spiral  wound  round  a  cylinder  to 
convert  the  motion  of  the  wind  or  a  stream 
of  water  into  rotary  motion. 

485.  Common  wind-mill,  illustrating  the 
production  of  circular  motion  by  the  direct 
action  of  the  wind  upon  the  oblique  sails. 

486.  Plan  of  a  vertical  wind-mill.  The 
sails  are  so  pivoted  as  to  present  their  edges 
in  returning  toward  the  wind,  but  to  present 
their  faces  to  the  action  of  the  wind,  the 
direction  of  which  is  supposed  to  be  as  in- 
dicated by  the  arrow. 

487.  Common  paddle-wheel  for  propelling 
vessels  ;  the  revolution  of  the  wheel  causes 
the  buckets  to  press  backward  against  the 
water  and  so  produce  the  forward  move- 
ment of  the  vessel. 

488.  Screw  propeller.  The  blades  are 
sections  of  a  screw-thread,  and  their  revo- 
lution in  the  water  has  the  same  effect  as 
the  working  of  a  screw  in  a  nut,  producing 
motion  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  and  so 
propelling  the  vessel. 

489.  Vertical  bucket  paddle-wheel.  The 
buckets,  rt,  a,  are  pivoted  into  the  arms,  d,  b, 
at  equal  distances  from  the  shaft.  To  the 
pivots  are  attached  cranks,  c,  c,  which  are 
pivoted  at  their  ends  to  the  arms  of  a  ring, 
d,  which  is  fitted  loosely  to  a  stationary  ec- 
centric, e.  The  revolution  of  the  arms  and 
buckets  with  the  shaft  causes  the  ring,  d, 
also  to  rotate  upon  the  eccentric,  and  the 
action  of  this  ring  on  the  cranks  keeps  the 
buckets  always  upright,  so  that  they  enter 
the  water  and  leave  it  edgewise  without  re- 


sistance or  lift,  and  while  in  the  water  are 
in  the  most  effective  position  for  propulsion. 

490.  Ordinary  steering  apparatus.  Plan 
view.  On  the  shaft  of  the  hand-wheel  there 
is  a  barrel  on  which  is  wound  a  rope  which 
passes  round  the  guide-pulleys  and  has  its 
opposite  ends  attached  to  the  "  tiller "  or 
lever  on  the  top  of  the  rudder  ;  by  turning 
the  wheel,  one  end  of  the  rope  is  wound  on 
and  the  other  let  off",  and  the  tiller  is  moved 
in  one  or  the  other  direction,  according  to 
the  direction  in  which  the  wheel  is  turned. 

491.  Capstan.  The  cable  or  rope  wound 
on  the  barrel  of  the  capstan  is  hauled  in  by 
turning  the  capstan  on  its  axis  by  means  of 
hand-spikes  or  bars  inserted  into  holes  in 
the  head.  The  capstan  is  prevented  from 
turning  back  by  a  pawl  attached  to  its 
lower  part  and  working  in  a  circular  ratchet 
on  the  base. 

492.  Boat-detaching  hook  (Brown  &  Lev- 
el's). The  upright  standard  is  secured  to 
the  boat,  and  the  tongue  hinged  to  its  up- 
per end  enters  an  eye  in  the  level  which 
works  on  a  fulcrum  at  the  middle  of  the 
standard.  A  similar  apparatus  is  applied  at 
each  end  of  the  boat.  The  hooks  of  the 
tackles  hook  into  the  tongues,  which  are 
secure  until  it  is  desired  to  detach  the  boat, 
when  a  rope  attached-  to  the  lower  end  of 
each  lever  is  pulled  in  such  a  direction  as  to 
slip  the  eye  at  the  upper  end  of  the  lever 
from  of!"  the  tongue,  which  being  then  liberat- 
ed slips  out  of  the  hook  of  the  tackle  and 
detaches  the  boat. 


ii8 


Mechanical  Movements. 


/J3 


^^^    A.      B 


4^9 


1^97 


500 


UJ9S 


^^98 


501 


u 


Mechanical  Movements. 


119 


493.  "Lewis,"  for  I'ft.-ng  stone  in  building.  It 
is  composed  of  a  central  taper  pin  or  wedge,  with 
two  wedge-like  packing-pieces  arranged  one  on 
each  side  of  it.  The  three  pie-^e?  are  inserted 
together  in  a  hole  diillcd  hito  the  stone,  and 
when  the  central  wedge  is  hoisted  upon  it  wedges 
the  packing-pieces  out  so  tightly  against  the 
sides  of  the  hole  as  to  enable  the  stone  to  be 
lifted. 

494.  Tongs  for  lifting  stones,  etc.  The  pull 
on  the  shackle  which  connects  the  two  links 
causes  the  latter  so  to  act  on  the  upjjer  arms  of 
the  tongs  as  to  make  their  points  press  them- 
selves against  or  into  the  stone.  The  greater  the 
weight  the  harder  the  tongs  bite. 

495.  Entwistle's  patent  gearing.  Bevel-gear, 
A,  is  fixed.  B,  gearing  with  A,  is  fitted  to  ro- 
tate on  stud,  ¥.,  secured  to  shaft,  D,  and  it  also 
gears  with  bevel-gear,  C,  loose,  on  the  shaft,  D. 
On  rotary  motion  being  given  to  shaft,  D,  the 
gear,  E,  revolves  around  A,  and  also  rotates 
upon  its  own  axis,  and  so  acts  upon  C  in  two 
ways,  namely,  by  its  rotation  on  its  own  axis  and 
by  its  revolution  around  A.  With  three  gears 
of  equal  size,  the  gear,  C,  makes  two  revolutions 
for  every  one  of  the  shaft,  D.  This  velocity  of 
revolution  may,  however,  be  varied  by  changing 
the  relative  sizes  of  the  gears.  C  is  represented 
with  an  attached  drum,  C '.  This  gearing  may 
be  used  for  steering  apparatus,  driving  screw-pro- 
pellers, etc.  By  applying  power  to  C,  action  may 
be  reversed,  and  a  slow  motion  ot  D  obtained. 

496.  Drawing  and  twisting  in  spinning  cotton, 
wool,  etc.  The  front  drawing-rolls,  B,  rotate 
faster  than  the  back  ones.  A,  and  so  produce  a 
draught,  and  draw  out  the  fibers  of  the  sliver  or 
roving  passing  between  them.  Roving  passes 
from  the  front  drawing-rolls  to  throstle,  which, 
by  its  rotation  around  the  bobbin,  twists  and 
winds  the  yarn  on  the  bobbin. 

497.  Fan-blower.  The  casing  has  circular 
openings  in  its  sides  through  which,  by  the  revo- 
lution of  the  shaft  and  attached  fan-blades,  air  is 
drawn  in  at  the  center  of  the  casing,  to  be  forced 
out  under  pressure  through  the  spout. 

498.  Siphon  pressure  gauge.  Lower  part  of 
bent   tube   contains   mercury.      The  leg  of  the 


tube,  against  which  the  scale  is  marked,  is  open 
at  top,  the  other  leg  connected  with  the  steam- 
boiler  or  other  apparatus  on  which  the  pressure 
is  to  be  indicated.  The  i^ressure  on  the  mer- 
cury in  the  one  leg  causes  it  to  be  depressed  in 
that  and  raised  in  the  other  until  there  is  an 
equilibrium  established  between  the  weight  of 
mercury  and  pressure  of  steam  in  one  leg,  and 
the  weight  of  mercury  and  pressure  of  atmos- 
phere in  the  other.  This  is  the  most  accurate 
gauge  known  ;  but  as  high  pressure  requires  so 
long  a  tube,  it  has  given  place  to  those  which 
are  practically  accurate  enough,  and  of  more 
convenient  form. 

499.  Aneroid  gauge,  known  as  the  "  Bourdon 
gauge,"  from  the  name  of  its  inventor,  a  French- 
man. B  is  a  bent  tube  closed  at  its  ends,  secured 
at  C,  the  middle  of  its  length,  and  having  its 
ends  free.  Pressure  of  steam  or  other  fluid  ad- 
mitted to  tube  tends  to  straighten  it  more  or  less, 
according  to  its  intensity.  The  ends  of  tube  are 
connected  with  a  toothed  sector-piece  gearing, 
with  a  pinion  on  the  spindle  of  a  pointer  which 
indicates  the  pressure  on  a  dial. 
.  500.  Pressure  gauge  now  most  commonly  used. 
Sometimes  known  as  the  "  Magdeijur^  gauge," 
from  the  name  of  the  place  where  first  manufac- 
tured. Face  view  and  section.  The  fluid  whose 
pressure  is  to  be  meas'ired  acts  upon  a  circular 
metal  disk.  A,  generally  corrugated,  and  the  de* 
flection  of  the  disk  under  the  pressure  giver 
motion  to  a  toothed  sector,  e,  which  gears  with  a 
pinion  on  the  spindle  of  the  pointer. 

501.  Mercurial  barometer.  Longer  leg  ot 
bent  tube,  against  which  is  marked  the  scale  of 
inches,  is  closed  at  top,  and  shorter  one  is  open 
to  the  atmosphere,  or  merely  covered  with  some 
porous  material.  Column  of  mercury  in  longer 
leg,  from  which  the  air  has  been  extracted,  is 
held  up  by  the  pressure  of  air  on  the  surface  of 
that  in  the  shorter  leg,  and  rises  or  falls  as  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere  varies.  The  old- 
fashioned  weather-glass  is  composed  of  a  similar 
tube  attached  to  the  back  of  a  dial,  and  a  float 
inserted  into  the  shorter  leg  of  the  tube,  and 
geared  by  a  rack  and  pinion,  or  cord  and  pulley, 
with  the  spindle  of  the  pointer. 


I20 


Mechanical  Movements. 


505 


503 


a 


I      •   I 


"^mwwi////;^ 


3^mv^^^m 


^ 


504 


506 


507 


n inz 


^ 


FNiiiii'i  VniiiMiii.,,  :i^.i    Miiiiiiiiiiirr 
GiiinnTrM'iiiViiiiiiiiiiii.iiir  .   'ih-Tmiwu 


B" 


502.  An  "  epicyclic  train."  Any  train  of 
gearing  the  axes  of  the  wheels  of  which  re- 
volve around  a  common  center  is  pioperly 
known  by  this  name.  The  wheel  at  one 
end  of  such  a  train,  if  not  those  at  both 
ends,  is  always  concentric  with  the  revolv- 
ing frame.  C  is  the  frame  or  train-bearing 
arm.  The  center  wheel,  A,  concentric  with 
this  frame,  gears  with  a  pinion,  F,  to  the 
same  axle  with  which  is  secured  a  wheel, 
E,  that  gears  with  a  wheel,  B.  If  the  first 
wheel,  A,  be  fixed  and  a  motion  be  given  to 
the  frame,  C,  tiie  train  will  revolve  around 
the  fixed  wheel  and  the  relative  motion  of 
the  frame  to  the  fixed  wheel  will  communi- 
cate through  the  train  a  rotary  motio'".  to  B 
on  its  axis.  Or  the  first  wheel  as  well  as 
the  frame  may  be  made  to  revolve  with  dif- 
ferent velocities,  with  the  same  result  ex- 
cept as  to  the  velocity  of  rotation  of  B  upon 
its  axis. 

In  the  epicyclic  train  as  thus  described 
only  the  wheel  at  one  extremity  is  concen- 
tric with  the  revolving  frame  ;  but  if  the 
wheel,  E,  instead  of  gearing  with  B,  be 
made  to  gear  with  the  wheel,  D,  which  like 
the  wheel,  A,  is  concentric  with  the  frame, 
we  have  an  epicyclic  train  of  which  the 
wheels  at  both  extremities  are  concentric 
with  the  frame.  In  this  train  we  may  either 
communicate  the  driving  motion  to  the  arm 
and  one  extreme  wheel,  in  order  to  produce 
an  aggregate  rotation  of  the  other  extreme 
wheel,  or  motion  may  be  given  to  the  two 
extreme  wheels,  A  and  D,  of  the  train,  and 


I  the  aggregate  motion  will  thus  be  commu- 
nicated to  the  arm. 

I 

[  503.  A  very  simple  form  of  the  epicyclic 
train,  in  which  F,  G,  is  the  arm,  secured  to 
the  central  shaft,  A,  upon  which  are  loosely 
fitted  the  bevel-wheels,  C,  D.  The  arm  is 
formed  into  an  axle  for  the  bevel-wheel,  B, 
which  is  fitted  to  turn  freely  upon  it.  Mo- 
j  tion  may  be  given  to  the  two  wheels,  C,  D, 
in  order  to  produce  aggregate  motion  of  the 
arm,  or  else  to  the  arm  and  one  of  said 
wheels  in  order  to  produce  aggregate  mo- 
tion of  the  other  wheel. 

504.  "  Ferguson's  mechanical  paradox," 
designed  to  show  a  curious  property  of  the 
epicyclic  train.  The  wheel,  A,  is  fixed  upon 
a  stationary  stud  about  which  the  arm,  C,  D, 
revolves.  In  this  arm  are  two  pins,  M,  N, 
upon  one  of  which  is  fitted  loosely  a  thick 
wheel,  B,  gearing  with  A,  and  upon  the 
other  are  three  loose  wheels,  E,  F,  G,  all 
gearing  with  B.  When  the  arm,  C,  D,  is 
turned  round  on  the  stud,  motion  is  given 
to  the  three  wheels,  E,  F,  G,  on  their  com- 
mon axis,  viz.,  the  pin,  N  ;  the  three  form- 
ing with  the  intermediate  wheel,  B,  and  the 
wheel,  A,  three  distinct  epicyclic  trains.  Sup- 
pose A  to  have  twenty  teeth,  F  twenty,  E  twen- 
ty-one, and  G  nineteen  ;  as  the  arm,  E,  C,  D, 
is  turned  round,  F  will  appear  not  to  turn  on 
its  axis,  as  any  point  in  its  circumference 
will  always  point  in  one  direction,  while  E 
will  appear  to  turn  slowly  in  one  and  G  in 
the  other  direction,  which — an  apparent  para- 
dox— ^gave  rise  to  the  name  of  the  apparatus. 


122 


Mechanical  Movements. 


505.  Another  simple  form  of  the  epicyc- 
lic  train,  in  which  the  arm,  D,  carries  a  pin- 
ion, B,  which  gears  both  with  a  spur-wheel, 
A,  and  an  annular  wheel,  C,  both  concentric 
with  the  axis  of  the  arm.  Either  of  the 
wheels.  A,  C,  may  be  stationary',  and  the 
revolution  of  the  arm  and  pinion  will  give 
motion  to  the  other  wheel. 

506.  Another  epicyclic  train  in  which  nei- 
ther the  first  nor  last  wheel  is  fixed.  /«,  «, 
is  a  shaft  to  which  is  firmly  secured  the 
train-bearing  arm,  k,  /,  which  carries  the 
two  wheels,  d,  e,  secured  together,  but  ro- 
tating upon  the  arm  itself.  The  wheels,  b 
and  c,  are  united  and  turn  together,  freely 
upon  the  shaft,  /«,  n;  the  wheels,  /"and  g, 
are  also  secured  together,  but  turn  together 
freely  on  the  shaft,  ;«,  «.  The  wheels,  c,  d, 
e  and  f,  constitute  an  epicyclic  train  of  | 
which  c  is  the  fi  "st  and  f  the  last  wheel. 
A  shaft.  A,  is  employed  as  a  driver,  and  has 
firmly  secured  to  it  two  wheels,  a  and  //,  the 
first  of  which  gears  with  the  wheel,  b,  and 
thus  communicates  motion  to  the  first  wheel, 
c,  of  the  epicyclic  train,  and  the  wheel,  //,  drives 
the  wheel,  g,  which  thus  gives  motion  to 
the  last  wheel,  f.  Motion  communicated 
in  this  way  to  the  two  ends  of  the  train 


produces  an  aggregate  motion  of  the  arm, 
k,  I,  and  shaft,  m,  n. 

This  train  may  be  modified  ;  for  instance, 
suppose  the  wheels,  g  zndf,  to  be  disunited, 
g  to  be  fixed  to  the  shaft,  m,  n,  and  f  only 
running  loose  upon  it.  The  driving-shaft, 
A,  will  as  before  communicate  motion  to 
the  first  wheel,  c,  of  tlie  epicyclic  train  by 
means  of  the  wheels,  a  and  b,  and  will  also 
by  h  cause  the  wheel,  g,  the  shaft,  m,  «,  and 
the  train-bearing  arm,  k,  /,  to  revolve,  and 
the  aggregate  rotation  will  be  given  to  the 
loose  wheel,  /. 

507.  Another  form  of  epicyclic  train  de- 
signed for  producing  a  very  slow  motion. 
;//  is  a  fixed  shaft  upon  which  is  loosely 
fitted  a  long  sleeve,  to  the  lower  end  of 
which  is  fixed  a  wheel,  D,  and  to  the  upper 
end  a  wheel,  E.  Upon  this  long  sleeve 
there  is  fitted  a  shorter  one  which  carries 
at  its  extremities  the  wheels,  A  and  H.  A 
wheel,  C,  gears  with  both  D  and  A,  and  a 
train-bearing  arm,  ;//,  n,  which  revolves 
freely  upon  the  shaft,  w,  p,  carries  upon  a 
stud  at  «  the  united  wheels,  F  and  G.  If 
A  have  10  teeth,  C  100,  D  10,  E  61,  F,  49, 
G  41,  and  H  51,  there  will  be  25,000  revo- 
lutions of  the  train-bearing  arm,  m,  n,  for 
one  of  the  wheel.  C. 


EDWARD    C.  SEWARD. 
ROBERT  B.  SE^VARD. 


BROWN  &  SEWARD, 


SUCCESSORS  TO 

BROWN    &    HALL, 
(Established  in  1864.) 


Solicitors  of  American  &  Foreip  Patents. 

EXPERTS  IJ\r  PATEMT  CAUSES. 


Patents  and  Reissues  Obtained. 

Rejected  Applications  Prosecuted. 

Forfeited  and  Abandoned  Applications  Renewed. 

Preliminary  Examinations  Made. 

Caveats  Filed. 

Design    I'atents   Obtained. 

Trade  Marks  Registered. 

•  Copyrights  Secured  for  Prints  and  Labels. 

Assignments  and  Licenses  Pre- 
pared and  Recorded. 

Interferences  Conducted. 


Appeals  Attended  to. 

Searches  and  Opinions  as  to  Novelty,  Validity,  and 
Ownership. 

Copies  of  Patents  and  Official 

Records   and   Files 

Furnished. 

Patents  secured  in  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany, 

Belgium,  Austria,  Spain  and  Cuba,  Russia, 

and  other  European  Countries. 

Canadian,  Australian,  and  other  British  Colonial 
Patents  obtained. 


Branch  Offices  In  Washington,  D.  C,  and  Agencies  in  all  principal  Foreign  Cities, 


HOW  TO  SECURE   PATENTS. 


THE 


IN   THE 

UNITED  STATES. 


To  obtain  a  patent  is  one  thing,  but  to  secure  that  protection  which  a  patent  ought  to  afford  is  another.  Hun- 
dreds, if  not  thousands,  of  patents  are  granted  every  year  which  could  stand  no  legal  test,  simply  for  the  reason  that 
the  specifications  and  claims  are  not  properly  drawn.  Inventors  who  intend  to  take  out  patents  for  their  inventions 
should,  therefore,  be  very  particular  in  the  selection  of  their  solicitors. 

The  Patent  Agency  of  IIROWN  &  SEWARD  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  world,  and,  what  is  more  impor- 
tant, the  reputation  it  has  obtained  and  maintained  during  the  twenty  years  of  its  existence  is  of  the  very  highest 
character.  It  has  been  the  most  successful  agency  in  the  United  States,  the  number  of  patents  obtained  in  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  applications  and  the  importance  of  the  claims.of  those  patents  being  considered.  The  success 
of  this  agency  is  due  to  the  personal  supervision  of  the  members  of  the  firm,  the  senior  of  whom  has  had  thirty-eight 
years'  uninterrupted  practice  in  the  business,  and  whose  experience  has.  perhaps,  been  more  extensive  and  varied 
than  that  of  any  other  solicitor.  Every  application  for  a  patent  entrusted  to  this  firm  is  prepared  or  personally  con- 
ducted by  one  of  the  principals.  This  is  a  great  and  obvious  advantage,  which  is  so  well  appreciated  that  a  client 
who  has  once  obtained  the  services  of  this  agency  seldom  afterwards  seeks  the  services  of  any  other  solicitor. 

CONSULTATIONS. 

The  principal  oflfice  of  r.KOWN&SEW.ARD  is  at  \o.  261  Broadway  (cornerof  Warren  Street)  Xev\- York, 
where  inventors  will  always  meet  with  a  cordial  reception,  and  opinions  as  to  the  Novelty  and  ratentability  of  In- 
ventions are  given  free  of  charge.  Inventors  residing  at  a  distance  are  invited  to  send  by  mail  descriptions  of  their 
inventions,  which  will  be  properly  examined,  and  on  which  written  opinions  will  be  sent  by  return  mail.  All  com- 
munications are  treated  as  confidential.  In  some  cases  it  may  be  desirable  to  make  a  preliminary  examination 
in  the  Patent  Office,  /ind  for  this  a  fee  of  85  will  be  charged. 

HOW   TO   PROCEED-PATENTS   FOR   INVENTIONS. 

Since  the  practice  of  the  Patent  Office  has  been  so  ch.-inged  that  models  are  very  rarely  required  with  applica- 
tions  for  patents,  the  expense  to  which  an  inventor  is  subjected  in  obtaining  a  patent  is,  in  most  cases,  much  less 
than  it  used  to  be,  although  the  drawings  are  generally  required  to  be  more  complete  than  was  necessary  whtn 
a  model  was  furnished. 

When  an  inventor  intends  or  desires  to  apply  for  a  patent,  unless  he  can  apply  personally  at  the  office  of  Brown 
&  Seward,  bringing  with  him  a  sample  of  the  best  drawing  of  his  invention  that  he  can  make,  he  should  send  there 
the  beist  description  thereof  which  he  can  give  in  writing,  and,  when  the  case  admits  of  a  drawing,  one  should  accom- 
pany such  description.     His  invention  will  then  be  carefully  examined  by  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  if  it  be  decided 


that  a  patent  is  to  be  applied  for,  the  payment  of  5i5  (amount  of  first  Government  fee)  yviH  be  required,  and  the 
papers  prepared  for  his  signature  and  oath.  These  can  be  forwarded  to  him  with  instructions  for  their  execution. 
if  he  cannot  appear  at  the  office.  The  agency  fee  charged  by  Brown  &  Seward  will  depend  upon  the  labor  involved, 
out  in  all  cases  their  charge  will  be  as  moderate  as  possible,  and  is  payable  when  the  application  has  been  prepared  and 
the  case  is  ready  to  be  forwarded  to  Washington.  This  fee  includes  all  necessary  services  performed  by  Brown  &  Sew- 
ard, through  their  1  ranch  Office  in  Washingion,  to  .secure  the  speedy  and  certain  issue  of  the  patent,  except  in  cases 
where  unusual  difficulties  are  encountered.     On  the  allowance  of  the  apphcation  the  final  (Juvernment  fee  ($20)  is  re- 

""'""*  PATENTS    FOR   DESIGNS 

Can  be  secured  at  a  less  cost  than  Patents  for  Inventions,  but  these  patents  only  cover  novelty  of  ■  hape  or  configu- 
ralion.  They  can  be  obtained  for  three  and  a  half,  seven,  or  fourteen  years.  1  he  Government  fees  are  payable  in 
one  sum,  in  advance,  and  are  $10  for  three  and  a  half  years.  $15  for  seven  years,  and  $30  for  fouiteen  years. 

CAVEATS. 

A  caveat  is  a  confidential  communication  made  to  the  Patent  Office,  in  which  the  inventor  describes  his  inven- 
tion previous  to  taking  out  a  patent.  As  a  notice  of  priority  of  discovery  it  holds  good  for  one  year.  To  secure  the 
full  benefit  which  a  caveat  is  intended  to  confer,  the  papers  should  be  carefully  prepared.  The  official  fee  on  a  caveat 
is  #10,  and  the  agency  fee  in  preparing  all  the  necessary  documents  is  from  fio  to  $15.  Citizens  only,  or  aliens  who 
have  resided  in  the  United  States  one  year,  and  made  oath  of  their  intention  to  become  citizens,  can  file  caveats. 

TRADE-MARKS. 

The  most  certain  and  definite  protection  afforded  by  law  for  Trade-Marks  is  Registration  in  the  Patent  Offce. 
Brown  &  Seward  give  special  attention  to  Trade-Mark  registrations,  which  hold  good  for  thirty  years.  The  Govern- 
ment fee  is  $10. 

EEJECTED  APPLICATIONS,  EXTENSIONS,  REISSUES,  INTERFERANCES,  INFRINGEMENTS. 

Messrs.  B;iowN  &  Seward  also  give  special  attention  to  the  prosecution  of  applications  for  patents  which  have  been 
'rejected  in  the  hands  of  other  attorneys,  and  to  the  reissue  of  tle/ective  Leters-Hntent,  in  both  of  which  branches 
of  business  they  have  been  eminently  successful.     They  also  conduct  interferences,  and  give  opinions  concerning,  and 
attend  to  prosecuting,  infringements  of  Patents. 

EUROPEAN   PATENTS. 

Brown  &  Seward  have  their  own  agencies  in  all  the  principal  capitals  of  Europe,  and  are  prepared 
to  secure  Foreign  Patents  with  the  utmost  despatch.  Cases  sent  out  for  European  patents  should  be 
prepared  with  great  care  and  fidelity.  Within  the  compass  of  an  advertisement  it  would  be  impossible 
to  specify  all  the  advantages  which  inventors  will  derive  through  this  Patent  Agency. 

CANADIAN   PATENTS. 

A  patent  may  be  obtained  in  Canada,  for  a  term  of  18  years,  for  any  American  invention  either  before  or  within 
one  year  after  the  issue  of  an  American  patent  for  the  same  invention.  The  patent  may  be  obtained  by  the  inventor 
or  his  assignee,  but  nof  by  a  mere  importer  or  introducer.  A  model  or  specimen  of  the  invention  is  not  generally  re- 
quired. Brown  &  Sew.\rd  are  prepared  to  undertake  applications  for  Canadian  Patents  at  reasonable  charges. 
The  importance  and  value  of  Canadian  patents  are  not  so  fully  appreciated  by  American  inventors  as  they  should  be. 

SPEEDY   PROSECUTION    OF    APPLICATIONS. 

Promptness  is  one  of  the  characteristics  of  this  Agency.  Yet  new  arrangements  have  recently  been  made  for  the 
even  more  speedy  transaction  of  business.  References  can  be  given  to  many  of  the  oldest  and  most  distinguished 
inven'ors  and  the  most  important  manufacturing  concerns  in  the  country. 

Any  further  information  on  any  matters  relating  to  Patents  or  f'atent  Law  will  be  obtained  personally  or  by 
letter. 

261  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


#^w-^^ 


FOREIGN  PATENTS. 


TO  secure  valid  patents  in  the  various  foreign  countries,  the  apphcations should 
be  prepared  by  solicitors  who  are  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  laws  of  the 
several  countries,  and  the  prosecution  should  be  under  the  immediate  control  of 
attorneys  of  high  standing,  resident  in  such  countries  and  in  close  touch  with  the 
bureau  having  charge  of  the  granting  of  patents. 

Messrs.  Brown  l^  Seward,  with  forty  years'  experience,  have  a  well  organized 
system  of  associates,  reliable  and  experienced,  in  all  the»  principal  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  can  look  after  the  foreign  interests  of  their  clients  intelligently  and 
successfully. 


S^^--v# 


DESIGN   PATENTS. 


MANUFACTURERS  have  frequently  found  that  they  suffered  more  from 
having  the  shape  and  appearance  of  their  machines  copied  than  from 
infringement  of  the  mechanical  structure  and  arrangement  of  the  operative 
parts.  This  damage  from  imitators  can  usually  be  averted  by  securing  Design 
Patents  on  the  salient  features  of  the  -machine..  In  many  instances  the  Design 
Patent  will  afford  more  valuable  protection  than  a  mechanical  patent,  and  in 
almost  every  instance  where  a  mechanical  patent  has  been  secured,  a  Design 
Patent  on  the  same  subject  matter  will  materially  strengthen  the  rights  of  the 
patentee.  The  cost  is  less  than  the  cost  of  a  mechanical  patent,  and  Mr. 
Seward,  Sr.,  of  the  firm,  has  made  a  special  study  of  Design  Patents,  and  with  his 
extended  experience  in  their  prosecution  is  ready  to  advise  clients  intelligently  on 
all  matters  pertaining  thereto. 


PRINTS  AND  LABELS. 


Prints,  composed  of  subject  matter  having  artistic  merit  and  used  in  adver- 
tising, and  Labels,  also  showing  artistic  merit  and  containing  subject  matter 
relating  to  the  goods  to  which  the  Label  is  to  be  attached,  afford  material 
protection  to  the  manufacturer  and  vendor  of  goods.  Brown  &  Seward  attend 
to  securing  registration  of  Prints  and  Labels.  Cost  usually  sixteen  dollars 
($16.00). 


X  -5.(^^¥ 


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